Which of the following best defines the concept of reference groups in psychology?

• A. Groups that are based solely on shared genetic traits
• B. Groups that provide formal membership and legal status to individuals
• C. Groups that individuals are required to join by law
• D. Groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of reference groups in psychology: these are groups that individuals compare themselves to for self-evaluation and guidance on behavior.
2. Recognize that reference groups are not necessarily groups to which a person formally belongs, but rather groups that influence attitudes, values, and behaviors.
3. Eliminate options that describe groups based on genetic traits, formal membership, or legal requirements, as these do not capture the evaluative and comparative nature of reference groups.
4. Focus on the option that highlights the role of reference groups as standards or benchmarks individuals use to assess themselves and their behavior.
5. Conclude that the best definition of reference groups is those groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.