According to labeling theory in social psychology, which two types of deviance are identified based on how individuals respond to being labeled as deviant?

• A. Retreatism and rebellion
• B. Conformity and innovation
• C. Primary deviance and secondary deviance
• D. Normative deviance and cultural deviance

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that labeling theory in social psychology focuses on how being labeled as 'deviant' affects an individual's self-identity and behavior.
2. Recognize that the theory distinguishes between two types of deviance based on the individual's response to the label: primary deviance and secondary deviance.
3. Primary deviance refers to initial acts of rule-breaking that do not affect a person's self-concept or how others perceive them significantly.
4. Secondary deviance occurs when an individual accepts the deviant label and begins to act in accordance with it, often leading to a deviant identity.
5. Therefore, the two types of deviance identified by labeling theory are primary deviance and secondary deviance, highlighting the process of how labeling influences behavior.