In regard to emotions, which theory suggests that physiological arousal occurs before the experience of emotion?

• A. Cannon-Bard theory
• B. Cognitive appraisal theory
• C. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
• D. James-Lange theory

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the key idea behind the James-Lange theory: it proposes that physiological arousal happens first, and then the brain interprets this arousal as a specific emotion.
2. Compare this with other theories: for example, the Cannon-Bard theory suggests that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, not sequentially.
3. Recognize that the Cognitive appraisal theory emphasizes the role of cognitive evaluation before the emotional experience, meaning appraisal comes before feeling the emotion.
4. Note that the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory involves both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling happening together to produce the emotional experience.
5. Conclude that the James-Lange theory uniquely suggests a sequence where physiological changes precede and cause the emotional experience, which is why it is the correct answer to the question.