Which of the following phrases accurately describes top-down processing in cognitive psychology?

• A. Processing information from the smallest details to the whole
• B. Perception that relies solely on sensory input without influence from prior knowledge
• C. Encoding information without any influence from context or memory
• D. Perception that is guided by prior knowledge, expectations, or experiences

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that top-down processing in cognitive psychology refers to how our perceptions are influenced by our prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
2. Recognize that top-down processing contrasts with bottom-up processing, which starts with sensory input and builds up to a complete perception.
3. Analyze each phrase to see if it aligns with the idea that perception is guided by existing knowledge rather than just raw sensory data.
4. Identify that 'Processing information from the smallest details to the whole' describes bottom-up processing, not top-down.
5. Confirm that the phrase 'Perception that is guided by prior knowledge, expectations, or experiences' accurately captures the essence of top-down processing.