In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, preconventional morality involves _____.

• A. adhering to societal rules and laws to maintain social order
• B. conforming to the expectations of close others to gain approval
• C. following universal ethical principles regardless of laws or rules
• D. making moral decisions based on the consequences of actions, such as rewards and punishments

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is divided into three main levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality.
2. Recognize that preconventional morality is the earliest level, typically seen in children, where moral reasoning is based primarily on direct consequences to the self.
3. Identify that at the preconventional level, individuals make moral decisions based on avoiding punishment or gaining rewards, rather than on social rules or ethical principles.
4. Contrast this with conventional morality, where individuals conform to societal rules and seek approval from others, and postconventional morality, where universal ethical principles guide decisions.
5. Therefore, the correct understanding is that preconventional morality involves making moral decisions based on the consequences of actions, such as rewards and punishments.