Which of the following is NOT among the core principles of psychodynamic theories of personality?

• A. The influence of unconscious processes on behavior
• B. The emphasis on observable behaviors and external reinforcement
• C. The role of defense mechanisms in managing internal conflict
• D. The importance of early childhood experiences

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand that psychodynamic theories of personality primarily focus on unconscious processes, internal conflicts, and early experiences shaping personality.
2. Step 2: Identify the core principles of psychodynamic theories, which include the influence of unconscious processes on behavior, the role of defense mechanisms in managing internal conflict, and the importance of early childhood experiences.
3. Step 3: Recognize that psychodynamic theories do NOT emphasize observable behaviors and external reinforcement, as this is more characteristic of behaviorist theories.
4. Step 4: Compare each option to these core principles to determine which one does not fit within the psychodynamic framework.
5. Step 5: Conclude that the option emphasizing observable behaviors and external reinforcement is NOT a core principle of psychodynamic theories.