Which individual differences are universally considered undesirable according to the major perspectives on psychological disorders?

• A. All differences in intelligence are universally considered undesirable.
• B. Differences in personality traits such as introversion are universally considered undesirable.
• C. Any deviation from average behavior is universally considered undesirable.
• D. No individual differences are universally considered undesirable; context and cultural norms influence perceptions of abnormality.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that psychological disorders are often defined by deviations from what is considered typical or healthy behavior, but these definitions are influenced by cultural and contextual factors rather than universal standards.
2. Recognize that major psychological perspectives (such as the medical model, cognitive-behavioral model, and sociocultural model) emphasize that not all individual differences are inherently undesirable; instead, the context and impact on functioning are crucial.
3. Consider that intelligence differences, personality traits like introversion, or any deviation from average behavior are not automatically classified as undesirable or disordered without considering their effects on the individual's well-being and social functioning.
4. Acknowledge that abnormality is often defined relative to cultural norms and expectations, meaning what is considered undesirable in one culture or context may be acceptable or even valued in another.
5. Conclude that no individual differences are universally considered undesirable; instead, psychological disorder definitions depend on context, cultural norms, and the degree to which the difference causes distress or impairment.