According to research on theories of emotion, what has been shown about the processing of subliminal messages?

• A. Subliminal messages are never processed by the brain and have no effect on emotions.
• B. Subliminal messages can only influence behavior, not emotions.
• C. Subliminal messages are only effective if they are consciously perceived.
• D. Subliminal messages can be processed by the brain and may influence emotions without conscious awareness.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of subliminal messages: these are stimuli presented below the threshold of conscious awareness, meaning the individual does not consciously perceive them.
2. Review research findings on how the brain processes subliminal stimuli, noting that even without conscious awareness, the brain can register and respond to these messages.
3. Recognize that studies have shown subliminal messages can influence emotional responses, indicating that emotional processing can occur without conscious perception.
4. Differentiate between the effects on behavior and emotions, understanding that subliminal messages can affect both, not just behavior alone.
5. Conclude that the correct understanding is that subliminal messages can be processed by the brain and may influence emotions without the individual being consciously aware of them.