Which of the following statements best supports the concept of egoism in theories of emotion?

• A. Emotional responses are shaped by cultural norms and social expectations.
• B. Altruistic behavior is motivated by an innate desire to improve society.
• C. People experience empathy and help others out of genuine concern for their well-being.
• D. Individuals help others primarily to benefit themselves, even if the benefit is indirect.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the concept of egoism in theories of emotion. Egoism suggests that individuals are motivated primarily by self-interest, even when their actions appear to benefit others.
2. Step 2: Analyze each statement to see if it aligns with the idea that actions are driven by self-benefit rather than purely altruistic motives.
3. Step 3: Recognize that statements emphasizing cultural norms, innate desires to improve society, or genuine concern for others focus on external or altruistic motivations, which do not support egoism.
4. Step 4: Identify the statement that claims individuals help others primarily to benefit themselves, even if indirectly, as this directly reflects the egoistic perspective.
5. Step 5: Conclude that the best supporting statement for egoism is the one highlighting self-benefit as the primary motivation behind helping behavior.