Which of the following is an important difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

• A. In classical conditioning, behavior is shaped by rewards, while in operant conditioning, behavior is shaped by pairing neutral stimuli with unconditioned stimuli.
• B. In classical conditioning, learning occurs through the association of two stimuli, while in operant conditioning, learning occurs through the consequences of behavior.
• C. Operant conditioning does not use reinforcement or punishment, while classical conditioning does.
• D. Classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors, whereas operant conditioning involves involuntary responses.

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the basic definitions of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning through the association of two stimuli, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
2. Step 2: Recognize that operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on reinforcement or punishment following the behavior.
3. Step 3: Identify that in classical conditioning, the focus is on involuntary, automatic responses (like salivation), whereas operant conditioning deals with voluntary behaviors that are influenced by their consequences.
4. Step 4: Evaluate the given options by comparing them to these definitions: the correct distinction is that classical conditioning is about stimulus-stimulus associations, and operant conditioning is about behavior-consequence associations.
5. Step 5: Conclude that the correct answer is the one stating that classical conditioning involves learning through the association of two stimuli, while operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior.