Which of the following is a similarity between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

• A. Both require the use of reinforcement schedules to shape behavior.
• B. Both were developed by B.F. Skinner.
• C. Both involve learning through associations between stimuli and responses.
• D. Both focus exclusively on voluntary behaviors.

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the basic definitions of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning through associations between two stimuli, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of voluntary behaviors.
2. Step 2: Identify the key figures associated with each type of conditioning. Classical conditioning was primarily developed by Ivan Pavlov, whereas operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner.
3. Step 3: Analyze the role of reinforcement schedules. Reinforcement schedules are specifically related to operant conditioning, where they shape voluntary behavior by providing consequences.
4. Step 4: Consider the types of behaviors each conditioning focuses on. Classical conditioning typically involves involuntary, automatic responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.
5. Step 5: Conclude that the similarity lies in the fact that both classical and operant conditioning involve learning through associations between stimuli and responses, even though the nature of these associations differs.