According to the psychodynamic perspective, the categorical approach to personality disorders assumes that:

• A. Personality disorders are caused solely by biological factors.
• B. Personality disorders exist on a continuum with normal personality traits.
• C. Personality disorders are best understood as temporary states rather than enduring patterns.
• D. Personality disorders are distinct and qualitatively different from normal personality.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the psychodynamic perspective, which emphasizes unconscious processes and early life experiences in shaping personality and personality disorders.
2. Recognize that the categorical approach to personality disorders classifies these disorders as distinct entities, meaning they are qualitatively different from normal personality traits rather than existing on a continuum.
3. Note that the categorical approach contrasts with the dimensional approach, which views personality disorders as varying degrees of traits found in the general population.
4. Identify that the categorical approach does not attribute personality disorders solely to biological factors, nor does it see them as temporary states; instead, it treats them as enduring and distinct patterns.
5. Conclude that, according to the psychodynamic perspective, the categorical approach assumes personality disorders are distinct and qualitatively different from normal personality.