Simplify each expression. ( − 2 x 4 y 5 ) 4 (-2x^4y^5)^4

− 16 x 16 y 20 -16x^{16}y^{20}

Simplify each expression. ( 4 x 3 y 2 z 3 ) 2 (4x^3y^2z^3)^2

16 x 6 y 4 z 6 16x^6y^4z^6 16 x 6 y 4 z 6

16 x 3 y 2 z 3 16x^3y^2z^3 16 x 3 y 2 z 3

4 x 3 y 4 z 6 4x^3y^4z^6 4 x 3 y 4 z 6

Simplify each expression. (6m^2 n^3 )^2/(-4m^7 n^5 )^3 ( 6 m 2 n 3 ) 2 ( − 4 m 7 n 5 ) 3 \frac{(6m^2n^3)^2}{(-4m^7n^5)^3}

− 3 2 m − 5 n 2 -\frac32m^{-5}n^2

6. Exponents, Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions

Intro to the Power Rules

6. Exponents, Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions

Intro to the Power Rules: Videos & Practice Problems

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Topic summary

concept

The Power Rule for Exponents

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The Power Rule for Exponents Video Summary

When working with exponential expressions, understanding how to simplify powers raised to other powers is essential. If you have an expression like four cubed raised to the second power, this means you are multiplying the base, four cubed, by itself twice. Rewriting this, it becomes four cubed times four cubed. Since the base is the same (4), you can apply the product rule of exponents, which states that when multiplying exponential expressions with the same base, you add the exponents. So, \$4^3 \times 4^3 = 4^{3+3} = 4^6\(.

Alternatively, you can use the power rule for exponents, which simplifies expressions where a power is raised to another power. This rule states that you multiply the exponents: \)(4^3)^2 = 4^{3 \times 2} = 4^6\(. This method is especially useful for larger exponents, as it avoids rewriting the expression multiple times.

For example, consider the expression \)(-2^3)^5$. Applying the power rule, multiply the exponents: $(-2)^{3 \times 5} = (-2)^{15}$. This is the simplified form of the expression. If you want to evaluate it, $(-2)^{15} = -32768\(.

Another example is \)(y^8)^4$. Using the power rule, multiply the exponents to get $y^{8 \times 4} = y^{32}$. This shows how the power rule efficiently simplifies powers raised to powers by multiplying the exponents.

In summary, the power rule for exponents is a fundamental tool in algebra that states:
\[(a^m)^n = a^{m \times n}\]
where a is the base and m and n are exponents. This rule helps simplify complex exponential expressions quickly and accurately, reinforcing the relationship between multiplication and repeated addition in exponentiation.

Problem

Simplify each expression, but don’t evaluate.
$4 to the 15th power cubed$

$4 to the 18th power$

$4 to the fifth power$

$4 to the 12th power$

$4 to the 45th power$

Problem

Simplify each expression, but don’t evaluate.
${(100^{26})}^{0}$

$0$

$100 to the 26th power$

$100^0$

$100^{\infty}$

Problem

Simplify each expression, but don’t evaluate.
$\frac{(x^{2})^{4}}{{(x^{3})}^{3}}$

$x^{\frac{8}{9}}$

$x^{- 1}$

$x^1$

$x^{\frac12}$

example

The Power Rule for Exponents Example 1

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The Power Rule for Exponents Example 1 Video Summary

When evaluating expressions involving powers raised to another power, such as 3⁴² and 3²⁴, it is important to apply the power of a power rule. This rule states that when an exponent is raised to another exponent, you multiply the exponents together. For example, (a^m)ⁿ = a^{m × n}.

Applying this to the expressions, 3⁴² can be rewritten as 3^{4 × 2} = 3⁸, and similarly, 3²⁴ becomes 3^{2 × 4} = 3⁸. Since multiplication of exponents is commutative, both expressions simplify to the same value, 3⁸.

Calculating 3⁸ yields 6,561, confirming that both expressions are equal. This demonstrates the importance of understanding exponent rules to simplify and compare expressions efficiently.

example

The Power Rule for Exponents Example 2

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The Power Rule for Exponents Example 2 Video Summary

When simplifying expressions involving exponents raised to another exponent, the power rule is essential. This rule states that when you have a base raised to an exponent, and that entire expression is raised to another exponent, you multiply the exponents to find the new exponent. For example, if you have x raised to the power of a, and this is raised to the power of b, the expression simplifies to x raised to the power of ab, or mathematically, \[(x^a)^b = x^{a \times b}.\]To apply this concept, consider the number 15 as the product of two exponents. Since 15 can be factored into pairs such as 1 and 15, 15 and 1, 3 and 5, or 5 and 3, each pair represents possible exponents that satisfy the equation. For instance, \[(x^1)^{15} = x^{1 \times 15} = x^{15},\] \[(x^{15})^1 = x^{15 \times 1} = x^{15},\] \[(x^3)^5 = x^{3 \times 5} = x^{15},\] and \[(x^5)^3 = x^{5 \times 3} = x^{15}.\]Understanding how to decompose an exponent into factors and apply the power rule allows for flexible manipulation of exponential expressions, which is fundamental in algebra and higher-level mathematics.

concept

Power of a Product Rule

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Power of a Product Rule Video Summary

The power of a product rule is a fundamental exponent rule that allows you to simplify expressions where a product of two or more factors is raised to a single exponent. This rule states that when you have a product inside parentheses raised to an exponent, you can distribute the exponent to each factor within the product. Mathematically, this is expressed as:

\[ (ab)^n = a^n \times b^n \]

Here, a and b represent any numbers or variables, and n is the exponent applied to the entire product. This rule works because raising a product to a power means multiplying the product by itself n times, which can be rearranged as multiplying each factor by itself n times.

For example, consider the expression:

\[ (3 \times 4)^2 \]

This can be expanded as:

\[ 3 \times 4 \times 3 \times 4 = (3 \times 3) \times (4 \times 4) = 3^2 \times 4^2 \]

Applying the power of a product rule simplifies the process and helps avoid unnecessary multiplication steps.

When variables are involved, the same principle applies. For instance:

\[ (xy)^5 = x^5 \times y^5 \]

Even if the multiplication symbol is not explicitly written between variables, it is implied, and the exponent distributes to each variable.

Sometimes, the factors themselves may already have exponents. In such cases, the power of a product rule combines with the power of a power rule, which states that when raising an exponential expression to another exponent, you multiply the exponents:

\[ (a^m)^n = a^{m \times n} \]

For example, simplifying:

\[ (5 \times 3^2)^2 \]

First, distribute the exponent:

\[ 5^2 \times (3^2)^2 \]

Then apply the power of a power rule:

\[ 5^2 \times 3^{2 \times 2} = 5^2 \times 3^4 \]

This expression is now in its simplest exponential form. If desired, you can evaluate it numerically:

\[ 5^2 = 25, \quad 3^4 = 81, \quad \text{so} \quad 25 \times 81 = 2025 \]

Understanding and applying the power of a product rule enhances your ability to manipulate and simplify exponential expressions efficiently. Recognizing when to distribute exponents across products is key to mastering algebraic simplification and preparing for more advanced mathematical concepts.

Problem