In the context of AP Psychology and theories of emotion, which of the following best defines endorphins?

• A. Enzymes that break down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft
• B. Hormones released by the adrenal glands that prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response
• C. Neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers and can produce feelings of pleasure or euphoria
• D. Chemical messengers that regulate circadian rhythms and sleep cycles

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the role of endorphins within the nervous system. Endorphins are a type of neurotransmitter, which means they transmit signals across synapses between neurons.
2. Step 2: Recognize that endorphins are specifically known for their ability to reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure or euphoria, acting as the body's natural painkillers.
3. Step 3: Differentiate endorphins from other substances mentioned: enzymes break down neurotransmitters, hormones from adrenal glands trigger fight-or-flight responses, and chemical messengers like melatonin regulate sleep cycles.
4. Step 4: Connect the function of endorphins to emotional and physiological experiences, such as pain relief and mood elevation, which are key concepts in theories of emotion in psychology.
5. Step 5: Conclude that the best definition of endorphins is 'Neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers and can produce feelings of pleasure or euphoria.'