Which of the following statements about executive functions is true?

• A. Executive functions are unrelated to decision-making or problem-solving.
• B. Executive functions are responsible only for basic sensory processing.
• C. Executive functions develop fully at birth and do not change over the lifespan.
• D. Executive functions are higher-order cognitive processes that include planning, inhibition, and working memory.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that executive functions refer to a set of higher-order cognitive processes that enable goal-directed behavior.
2. Recognize that these functions include abilities such as planning, inhibition (self-control), and working memory, which are essential for decision-making and problem-solving.
3. Eliminate incorrect statements by noting that executive functions are indeed related to decision-making and problem-solving, not unrelated.
4. Acknowledge that executive functions are not limited to basic sensory processing; they involve complex mental skills beyond sensory input.
5. Remember that executive functions develop over time, especially during childhood and adolescence, and can change throughout the lifespan, rather than being fully developed at birth.