In introductory statistics, what does the term "empirical evidence" mean?

• A. A numerical summary that is always exact and free of sampling variability
• B. A conclusion derived purely from logic or mathematical proof without using data
• C. A personal opinion or belief not based on systematic data collection
• D. Information obtained from observation or data collected through experiments or surveys

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that 'empirical evidence' refers to information gathered through direct observation or systematic data collection, such as experiments or surveys.
2. Recognize that empirical evidence is based on actual data rather than theoretical reasoning or personal beliefs.
3. Note that empirical evidence can be subject to sampling variability and is not always exact, as it depends on the data collected.
4. Distinguish empirical evidence from conclusions drawn purely from logic or mathematical proofs, which do not rely on observed data.
5. Summarize that empirical evidence is the foundation for making informed conclusions in statistics because it relies on real-world data.