Table of contents

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1. Introduction to Genetics51m

History of Genetics
16m

Modern Genetics
12m

Fundamentals of Genetics
22m

2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m

Mendel's Experiments and Laws
17m

Inheritance in Diploids and Haploids
33m

Monohybrid Cross
32m

Dihybrid Cross
58m

Sex-Linked Genes
21m

Probability and Genetics
20m

Pedigrees
31m

3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m

Understanding Independent Assortment
11m

Chi Square Analysis
34m

Sex Chromosome
20m

X-Inactivation
11m

Overview of interacting Genes
11m

Pleiotropy
6m

Epistasis and Complementation
37m

Variations of Dominance
9m

Penetrance and Expressivity
4m

Organelle DNA
9m

Maternal Effect
5m

4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m

Mapping Overview
11m

Crossing Over and Recombinants
39m

Mapping Genes
19m

Trihybrid Cross
34m

Multiple Cross Overs and Interference
9m

Chi Square and Linkage
22m

Mapping with Markers
9m

Positional Cloning
3m

5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m

Working with Microorganisms
13m

Bacterial Conjugation
28m

Bacterial Transformation
10m

Bacteriophage Genetics
18m

Transduction
10m

6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m

Chromosomal Mutations: Aberrant Euploidy
20m

Chromosomal Mutations: Aneuploidy
13m

Chromosomal Rearrangements: Overview
8m

Chromosomal Rearrangements: Deletions
7m

Chromosomal Rearrangements: Duplications
7m

Chromosomal Rearrangements: Inversions
9m

Chromosomal Rearrangements: Translocations
41m

7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m

DNA as the Genetic Material
13m

DNA Structure
10m

Alternative DNA Forms
3m

RNA
8m

Bacterial and Viral Chromosome Structure
4m

Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
14m

8. DNA Replication1h 10m

Semiconservative Replication
17m

Overview of DNA Replication
25m

Telomeres and Telomerase
11m

Recombination
16m

9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m

Mitosis
22m

Meiosis
31m

Development of Animal Gametes
25m

Development of Plant Gametes
14m

10. Transcription1h 0m

Overview of Transcription
9m

Transcription in Prokaryotes
13m

Transcription in Eukaryotes
13m

RNA Modification and Processing
12m

RNA Interference
10m

11. Translation58m

The Genetic Code
15m

Transfer RNA
4m

Ribosomal Structure
7m

Translation
21m

Proteins
9m

12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m

Lac Operon
23m

Tryptophan Operon and Attenuation
21m

Lambda Bacteriophage and Life Cycle Regulation
23m

Arabinose Operon
5m

Riboswitches
6m

13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m

Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
13m

GAL Regulation
7m

Epigenetics, Chromatin Modifications, and Regulation
15m

Post Translational Modifications
7m

14. Genetic Control of Development44m

Studying the Genetics of Development
12m

Developmental Patterning Genes
20m

Early Developmental Steps
11m

15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m

Overview of Genomics
4m

Sequencing the Genome
35m

Genomic Variation
12m

Bioinformatics
10m

Comparative Genomics
8m

Genomics and Human Medicine
19m

Functional Genomics
11m

Proteomics
8m

16. Transposable Elements47m

Discovery of Transposable Elements
9m

Transposable Elements in Prokaryotes
9m

Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes
19m

Regulation of Transposable Elements
8m

17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m

Types of Mutations
28m

Spontaneous Mutations
12m

Induced Mutations
8m

DNA Repair
17m

18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m

Genetic Cloning
9m

Methods for Analyzing DNA
9m

19. Cancer Genetics29m

Overview of Cancer
21m

Cancer Mutations
7m

20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m

Mathematical Measurements
15m

Traits and Variance
18m

Analyzing Trait Variance
11m

Heritability
20m

QTL Mapping
20m

21. Population Genetics50m

Hardy Weinberg
19m

Allelic Frequency Changes
31m

22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

Overview of Evolution
10m

Speciation
8m

Phylogenetic Trees
10m

7. DNA and Chromosome Structure

DNA Structure

Genetics

7. DNA and Chromosome Structure

DNA Structure

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Multiple Choice

In the structure of DNA, cytosine always pairs with which of the following bases?

adenine

guanine

thymine

uracil

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Verified step by step guidance

Recall the base pairing rules in DNA, which are based on complementary hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases.

Identify the four bases in DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

Remember that adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

Understand that uracil is found in RNA, not DNA, so it does not pair with cytosine in DNA.

Therefore, cytosine always pairs with guanine in the DNA double helix structure.

6:25m

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