Which of the following is most associated with a higher risk of chronic disease?

• A. High central obesity.
• B. High subcutaneous fat content with lower visceral fat content.
• C. High lean body mass.
• D. Pear-shaped fat distribution.

Answer: (A)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the context: Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are often linked to body fat distribution and composition. Central obesity, or fat accumulation around the abdomen, is a key factor to consider.
2. Define central obesity: Central obesity refers to the accumulation of visceral fat around the abdominal organs. This type of fat is metabolically active and releases inflammatory markers and hormones that can increase the risk of chronic diseases.
3. Compare fat types: Subcutaneous fat (fat stored under the skin) is less metabolically active compared to visceral fat. High subcutaneous fat with lower visceral fat content is generally less associated with chronic disease risk.
4. Analyze body shapes: Pear-shaped fat distribution (fat stored around the hips and thighs) is typically less associated with chronic disease risk compared to apple-shaped distribution (fat stored around the abdomen).
5. Evaluate lean body mass: High lean body mass (muscle mass) is generally associated with better metabolic health and a lower risk of chronic diseases. Therefore, central obesity is the most associated with a higher risk of chronic disease.