Which of the following statements is true?

• A. Phytochemicals can function as antioxidants, helping prevent damage to cell membranes by free radicals.
• B. Vitamins A & D primarily serve as antioxidants.
• C. Free radicals primarily disrupt cell membranes by donating extra electrons.
• D. Oxidation is the chemical process where a substance gains electrons.
• E. All of the above are true.

Answer: (A)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the key terms in the question: 'phytochemicals,' 'antioxidants,' 'free radicals,' and 'oxidation.' Define each term to clarify their roles in nutrition and cellular processes.
2. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds in plants that can act as antioxidants. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals by donating electrons, preventing damage to cell membranes and other cellular components.
3. Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons. They cause damage by stealing electrons from other molecules, not by donating extra electrons. This process is called oxidative stress.
4. Oxidation is the chemical process where a substance loses electrons, not gains them. This is a key concept in understanding how free radicals and antioxidants interact.
5. Evaluate each statement based on the definitions and concepts explained. Identify which statement aligns with the scientific understanding of these processes and is therefore true.