Teratogens can cause

• A. object permanence.
• B. birth defects.
• C. fertilization.
• D. generativity.

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Begin by understanding the term 'teratogens'. Teratogens are substances or factors that can cause developmental malformations or birth defects during prenatal development.
2. Recognize that teratogens are typically associated with causing physical or functional abnormalities in a developing fetus, rather than cognitive concepts like object permanence.
3. Consider the options provided: birth defects, fertilization, generativity, and object permanence. Evaluate which of these is most directly related to the effects of teratogens.
4. Understand that 'birth defects' are the most relevant outcome of exposure to teratogens, as they directly refer to physical or developmental abnormalities present at birth.
5. Conclude that the correct association of teratogens is with 'birth defects', as this aligns with the definition and impact of teratogens on prenatal development.