Which type of graph is most appropriate for visualizing changes in quantitative data over time ?

High Heels The graphic to the right is a USA Today—type graph displaying women’s preference for shoes. a. Which type of shoe is preferred the most? The least? b. How is the graph misleading?

Cardiac Arrest Researchers conducted a prospective cohort study in which male patients who had an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were submitted to therapeutic hypothermia (intravenous infusion of cold saline followed by surface cooling with the goal of maintaining body temperature of 33 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. Note that normal body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius). The survival status, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), and time spent on a ventilator were measured. Each of these variables was compared to a historical cohort of patients who were treated prior to the availability of therapeutic hypothermia. Of the 52 hypothermia patients, 37 survived; of the 74 patients in the control group, 43 survived. The median length of stay among survivors for the hypothermia patients was 14 days versus 21 days for the control group. The time on the ventilator among survivors for the hypothermia group was 219 hours versus 328 hours for the control group.

c. What are the three response variables in the study? For each, state whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative.

"Putting It Together: Online Homework Keeping students engaged in the learning process greatly increases their chance of success in a course. Traditional lecture-based math instruction has given way to a more student-engaged approach where students interact with the teacher in class and receive immediate feedback to their responses. The teacher presence allows students, when incorrect in a response, to be guided through a solution and then immediately be given a similar problem to attempt. A researcher conducted a study to investigate whether an online homework system using an attempt—feedback— reattempt approach improved student learning over traditional pencil-and-paper homework. The online homework system was designed to increase student engagement outside class, something commonly missing in traditional pencil-and-paper assignments, ultimately leading to increased learning.The study was conducted using two first-semester calculus classes taught by the researcher in a single semester. One class was assigned traditional homework and the other was assigned online homework that used the attempt—feedback—reattempt approach. The summaries are based on data from the study.

g. What type of graph is displayed?"

Putting It Together: Drug Side Effects In placebo-controlled clinical trials for the drug Viagra, 734 subjects received Viagra and 725 subjects received a placebo (subjects did not know which treatment they received). The table below summarizes reports of various side effects that were reported.

a. Is the variable “adverse effect” qualitative or quantitative?

Which of the following is an example of quantitative data collected from a group of students?

Which type of graph is commonly used to display qualitative data as $\frac{percentages}{of a whole}$ ?

Which of the following observations is qualitative rather than quantitative?