So, as you probably just learned, tracking multiple crossovers is more difficult because there could be double crossovers, and they're hard to find unless you know the order of the genes and you've done a lot of work, but we still need to know about them. Multiple crossovers occur when more than one crossover causes two or more changes in the gamete genotype. A single crossover event is this; a multiple crossover event is this, where you have something like this happening twice. And these are much harder to detect, but they also happen less frequently. And so, you can calculate information on how likely it is a double crossover will happen using the product law, which we've talked about before. So, you can double count. I'll show you the product law example in the first. But, the example that we've gone through before in the previous video, this was in the Trihybrid Cross video. Now, if you don't understand what I'm about to say and you're confused, I highly suggest you go back and look at this because it explains it very well at the end. But you have to double count the double crossovers when calculating the recombination frequency, and this helps you accurately map the genes. Like I said, if you don't know what I'm talking about about double counting the double crossovers, then go back and watch this video now. But if you know what I'm talking about and you're ready to learn something else, what we want to talk about next is interference. Interference is when crossovers in one region affect the chance of a crossover in a second region. So it would be like if you have genes a, b, and c, and a, b, and c on two chromosomes. Say that if this crossover event happens, then it's much less likely that a second crossover event here will happen. And so, independent crossovers happen a lot of the time, and this means there's no interference. And you can calculate this using a double recombination frequency, and this is the product law thing I was just talking about. So the question would look like this: If the frequency of crossing over is 20% for genes a and b, so we'll just say this is exactly like this, and 30% for genes b and c. So the chance of this happening is 20%, and the chance of this happening is 30%. Then what is the frequency of a double crossover? So the frequency of both happening. Well, you just use the product law. So you take 20% and you turn it into a decimal. And do the same thing for 30, and you multiply them together and multiply by 100. So, your answer here is 6%. So the frequency of a double crossover happening here and here is 6%. And this is a good formula to know, because you definitely may see a question like this. Now, this is the predictive. Right? This is the ideal situation, no interference occurring. And so, if you want if if you're kind of doing it if you're setting up an experiment and you want to know, you know, what percentage of double crossover should I expect, you can use this formula. But sometimes, if you have interference, this means that the calculated value, so the 6% we just calculated, isn't actually what you observed in your experiment, and so this means that interference is affecting the data. So what you do is you use a different formula. This formula uses the coefficient of coincidence, and that's here. This is the COC, what I just highlighted in this paragraph. So the formula for interference is I equals 1 minus the COC. Now the COC is going to be the observed double recombinant, over the expected. So in this formula, this is going to be what you see, and this is going to be what you calculated, which is 6%. And you do 1 minus. So if we're doing this, calculating the interference, say we observed 4, but we expected 6, say this is this exact same experiment that we talked about earlier, where the chance was 20% here and 30% here, so you did this, times 100, and that equals 6%, so that's going to be your expected. But you did the experiment, and what you got was you got 4 offspring instead of 6. And so, then you use this interference formula, and so that's going to be 1 minus 4 over 6, which equals 0.33. You multiply that by 100 to get a percentage, which is 33%. So you say, okay, the interference is 33%. But what does that actually mean in a real sentence? Well, that means there were 33% fewer double crossovers occurred than expected, meaning that crossing over at one location, either the a or the b, decreased the chance of crossing over at an adjacent location, either the b or the c. Now, I don't know which one. I don't know which one was more likely or which, you know, I can't tell you that. But I can tell you that crossing over at one of these locations decreased it by 33%, or decreased it at an adjacent location, meaning that we got 33% fewer double crossovers than we expected. So, that's genetic interference, and you really need to know how to calculate it. Genetics is a lot of formulas; there's a lot more math than you were probably expecting, but these formulas are important, and you do need to know how to calculate these. So, with that, let's now move on.
- 1. Introduction to Genetics51m
- 2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
- 3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
- 4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
- 5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
- 6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
- 7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
- 8. DNA Replication1h 10m
- 9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
- 10. Transcription1h 0m
- 11. Translation58m
- 12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
- 13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
- 14. Genetic Control of Development44m
- 15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
- 16. Transposable Elements47m
- 17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
- 18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- 19. Cancer Genetics29m
- 20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
- 21. Population Genetics50m
- 22. Evolutionary Genetics29m
Multiple Cross Overs and Interference - Online Tutor, Practice Problems & Exam Prep
Multiple crossovers complicate genetic mapping due to their rarity and difficulty in detection. The product law helps calculate the likelihood of double crossovers, where the recombination frequency is determined by multiplying individual crossover probabilities. Interference occurs when a crossover in one region reduces the chance of another in an adjacent region, calculable via the coefficient of coincidence (COC). The formula for interference is , highlighting the impact of crossovers on genetic outcomes.
Multiple Cross Overs and Interference
Video transcript
A female with the following genotype can produce a number of different gametes. Choose the gamete produced if no crossovers have occurred. Genotype = a b + / + + c
A female with the following genotype can produce a number of different gametes. Choose the gamete produced if a single crossover has occurred. Genotype = a b + / + + c
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