Multiple Choice
In the context of scatterplots and correlation, which statement best describes how correlation and causation differ?
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11. Correlation
Scatterplots & Intro to Correlation
1:55 minutesProblem 2.4.14
Textbook Question
In Exercises 13–16, write a statement that interprets the P-value and includes a conclusion about linear correlation.
Using the data from Exercise 6 “Airport Data Speeds,” the P-value is 0.003.
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the P-value. The P-value is a measure of the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis. In the context of linear correlation, the null hypothesis (H₀) typically states that there is no linear correlation between the two variables being analyzed.
Step 2: Compare the P-value to the significance level (α). A common significance level is α = 0.05. If the P-value is less than α, we reject the null hypothesis. In this case, the P-value is 0.003, which is less than 0.05.
Step 3: Interpret the result. Since the P-value is very small (0.003), it provides strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis. This suggests that there is a statistically significant linear correlation between the two variables in the dataset.
Step 4: Write a conclusion about the linear correlation. Based on the P-value, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that a linear correlation exists between the variables in the 'Airport Data Speeds' dataset.
Step 5: Contextualize the conclusion. The result implies that changes in one variable are likely associated with changes in the other variable, and this relationship is unlikely to be due to random chance.
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Video duration:
1mKey Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
P-value
The P-value is a statistical measure that helps determine the significance of results in hypothesis testing. It represents the probability of observing the data, or something more extreme, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A low P-value (typically less than 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, suggesting that the observed effect is statistically significant.
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Step 3: Get P-Value
Linear Correlation
Linear correlation refers to the relationship between two variables that can be described by a straight line. It is quantified using the correlation coefficient, which ranges from -1 to 1. A positive value indicates a direct relationship, while a negative value indicates an inverse relationship. Understanding linear correlation is essential for interpreting how changes in one variable may affect another.
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Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to make inferences about population parameters based on sample data. It involves formulating a null hypothesis (no effect or relationship) and an alternative hypothesis (some effect or relationship). The outcome of the test, often indicated by the P-value, helps determine whether to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative, guiding conclusions about the data.
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06:21Step 1: Write Hypotheses
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