7. Energy and Metabolism

Laws of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

 All types of cellular respiration produce ATP. 

 No. This is a true statement, but it has nothing to do with the second law of thermodynamics. 

 Cellular respiration releases some energy as heat. 

 No. This is a true statement, but the second law does not require spontaneous processes to produce heat (although many do). 

 The first and second choices are correct. 

 No. There is only one correct answer to this question. 

 The first, second, and third choices are correct. 

 The aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose produces six molecules each of carbon dioxide and water. 

Consider how the second law of thermodynamics relates to entropy.

Which of the following is an example of the second law of thermodynamics as it applies to biological reactions?

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 The entropy of the organism's environment must also be decreasing. 

No. The second law says that the total entropy (of the system and its environment) must increase.

 Heat is being used by the organism as a source of energy. 

 No. Such a system would require an input of energy to drive the decrease in entropy, but heat cannot be used to do this in biological systems. 

 The first law of thermodynamics is being violated. 

 No. The first law states that energy must be conserved, and there is no indication that this organism is not conserving energy. 

 In this situation, the second law of thermodynamics must not apply. 

 No. The second law only states that the entropy of the universe must always increase. Local decreases are allowed (as in living organisms), but the total entropy, including the organism's environment, must increase. 

 Energy input into the organism must be occurring to drive the decrease in entropy. 

Consider the second law of thermodynamics and free energy changes.

If the entropy of a living organism is decreasing, which of the following is most likely to be occurring simultaneously?

It is used to power yet more cellular work in the surroundings.

It is captured to store energy as more heat in the system.

When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?a) It is used to power yet more cellular work in the surroundings.b) It is captured to store energy as more heat in the system.c) It is used to generate ADP.d) It is lost to the environment.

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Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.

Also called The Principle of Creation of Energy.

Which of the following statements describes the first law of thermodynamics?a) Energy cannot be created or destroyed.b) Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.c) Also called The Principle of Creation of Energy.d) Energy can be destroyed.

Which of the following images has less entropy?<img src="https://static.studychannel-prd.pearsonprd.tech/courses/biology/thumbnails/images/86aa8ae8" class="fr-fic fr-dii">a) Image A has less entropy.b) Image B has less entropy.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

 Because living things consume energy, the total energy of the universe is constantly decreasing. 

 No. The first law states that the total energy must be conserved. 

 Photosynthetic organisms produce energy in sugars from sunlight. 

 No. Organisms cannot produce energy; they can only convert it from one form (sunlight) to another (chemical bonds in sugars). 

 Energy is destroyed as glucose is broken down during cellular respiration. 

 No. The first law of thermodynamics requires that energy be neither consumed nor destroyed. 

 Living organisms must increase the entropy of their surroundings. 

 No. It is true that organisms must increase the entropy of their surroundings, but this fact is not related to the first law of thermodynamics. 

 Energy can be freely transformed among different forms as long as the total energy is conserved. 

Think about how the requirements of life are determined by the first law of thermodynamics.

Which of the following states the relevance of the first law of thermodynamics to biology?

 The entropy of the universe must decrease to account for the increased entropy associated with plant growth. 

 No. The growth of plants represents a decrease in entropy, which by the second law requires a corresponding increase in entropy of the plant's surroundings (the universe). 

 The process of photosynthesis produces energy that the plant uses to grow. 

No. Energy is not produced by photosynthesis; it is converted from energy in the form of sunlight into energy in the form of chemical bonds (sugars).

 Growth of the crops must occur spontaneously. 

 No. Growth of plants requires an input of energy. Spontaneous processes require no input of energy. 

 All of the listed responses are correct. 

 No. Only one of the choices is correct. 

 To obey the first law, the crops must represent an open system. 

Consider how the first and second laws relate to life.

Consider the growth of a farmer's crop over a season. Which of the following correctly states a limitation imposed by the first or second law of thermodynamics?

 Energy conversions increase the order in the universe. 

 No. All energy conversions decrease the order in the universe. 

 The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. 

 No. This is true, but it is not a concept related to the second law of thermodynamics. 

 The entropy of the universe is constantly decreasing. 

 No. The entropy of the universe is increasing. 

 No. There is no requirement associated with the second law of thermodynamics that all reactions produce heat. 

 The decrease in entropy associated with life must be compensated for by increased entropy in the environment in which life exists. 

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following is true?

All of the energy is not transferred from producer to consumer because some of the energy is destroyed.

All of the energy is transfer from producer to consumer.

All of the energy is not transferred from producer to consume because some of the energy is lost as heat.

Which of the following statements is true regarding how energy moves up the food chain?a) All of the energy is not transferred from producer to consumer because some of the energy is destroyed.b) All of the energy is transfer from producer to consumer.c) All of the energy is not transferred from producer to consume because some of the energy is lost as heat.d) None of the above.

Entropy

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