2. Chemistry

Introduction to Chemical Bonding

What are the defining characteristics of a condensation reaction?
a. Two monomers are covalently bonded together and a water molecule is produced.
b. Two monomers are covalently bonded together and a water molecule is used up.
c. A polymer is broken down into monomers and a water molecule is produced.
d. A polymer is broken down into monomers and a water molecule is used up.

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Appropriately label all of the chemical bonds in this image as either intramolecular or intermolecular.<img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/8b012fe26b280e95-1599596786582.jpg" style="width: 300px;">

 number of electron shells present in the atoms 

 No. However, electrons play the major role in determining the chemical characteristics of an atom. 

 degree to which it has more or fewer electrons than protons 

 number of electrons in its outermost shell 

What subatomic particle is involved in the making and breaking of a bond?

The chemical characteristics or reactivity of an element depend mostly on the __________.

Animation: Introduction to Chemical Bonds

 No. Atoms with a single valence electron may either become ions or covalently bond with other atoms. 

 No. Atoms with three valence electrons usually covalently bond with other atoms. Phosphorus is an example. 

 No. Atoms with four valence electrons covalently bond with other atoms. Carbon is an example. 

Consider the number of electrons found in a filled outer shell.

An atom that normally has __________ in its outer shell would not tend to form chemical bonds with other atoms.

Map of the Lesson on Chemical Bonding<img src="https://static.studychannel-prd.pearsonprd.tech/courses/biology/thumbnails/images/5db79ff8" style="width: 540pt; height: 239.65pt;" class="fr-fic fr-dii"> According to the map above, which of the following are types of covalent bonds?a) Polar.b) Van der Waals.c) Ionic.d) Hydrogen.e) None of the above.

 When the atom has as many protons as neutrons 

 No. An equal number of protons and neutrons is not related to electron configuration. 

 When the atom has moved all its electrons to its outermost shell 

 No. An outer shell may be unable to hold all of an atom's electrons. 

 When the atom achieves a zero net charge 

 When the atom has eight electrons in its outermost shell 

Consider which of these would make an atom least likely to participate in a chemical reaction.

For most atoms, when does the configuration of electrons make the atom unreactive?

Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular Bonds

 True. It is impossible for a gas containing oxygen to be a greenhouse gas. 

 No. We know that ozone, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases. 

 True. Because oxygen is not a greenhouse gas, it is unlikely to combine with anything at a higher level of organization to form a greenhouse gas. 

 No. The emergent properties of compounds are not always evident from the elements that make them up. 

 True. Compounds display emergent properties that are very similar to those of the elements that form them. 

 No. Emergent properties of compounds are more than simply the sum of their parts. 

 False. Compounds can have emergent properties that are very different from those of the elements that form them. 

Remember emergent properties. Compounds represent a higher level of organization than elements and can have characteristics that are different than those of the elements that compose them.

How would you respond to this reasoning? Oxygen is not a greenhouse gas; therefore, gases containing oxygen&mdash;such as ozone, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide&mdash;are not greenhouse gases either.

Why Do Atoms Bond?

Map of the Lesson on Chemical Bonding

Which of the following lists the chemical bonds from weakest to strongest?
a. hydrogen, covalent, ionic;
b. covalent, ionic, hydrogen;
c. ionic, covalent, hydrogen;
d. covalent, hydrogen, ionic;
e. hydrogen, ionic, covalent

 No. An atom of iodine (atomic mass 130) is much larger than an atom of chlorine (atomic mass 35). 

 No. But you have the right idea. How are electrons distributed in an atom? 

 No. The energy content of an electron is related to its position in a particular electron shell. But there is a more specific answer. 

Consider what is primarily responsible for an atom's chemical characteristics or reactivity.

Some groups of chemical elements react similarly to one another. For example, the chemistries of sodium and of lithium are similar, as are the chemistries of chlorine and of iodine. These similarities in chemistry result when different elements have similar __________.

What coefficients must be placed in the following blanks so that all atoms are accounted for in the products?
C6H12O6→          _C2H6O+           _CO2
a. 2; 1
b. 3; 1
c. 1; 3
d. 2; 2

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1. Introduction to Biology

3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

11. Cell Division

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

15. Gene Expression

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

20. Development

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals

31. Invertebrates

32. Vertebrates

33. Plant Anatomy

34. Vascular Plant Transport

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