8. Respiration

Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration

Unlike plant cell walls that contain cellulose, bacterial cell walls are composed of           .

Alcohol or ethanol fermentation | Cellular respiration | Biology | Khan Academy

 No. Speeding up glycolysis is a consequence of lactate production in muscles, not the cause of it. 

 Get rid of pyruvate produced by glycolysis 

 No. The accumulation of pyruvate is not a problem to muscle cells; it rarely occurs under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. 

No. This would require O2, and muscle cells do not make lactate unless O2 is absent.

No. Lactate production in muscles does not produce any CO2.

Consider what is regenerated when the electron transport chain is functioning normally.

Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to do which of the following?

Lactic Acid & Alcoholic Fermentation

Anaerobic Respiration

 No. Ethanol is a fermentation product of yeast. 

 No. Carbon dioxide is produced during cellular respiration. It does not need to be regenerated. 

 No. Lactate is a fermentation product of animal cells. 

 No. The glucose is not regenerated in this process. 

In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?

Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle.

NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.

NAD+ donates high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function.

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true?a) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle.b) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.c) NAD+ donates high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.d) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function.

Anaerobic respiration                   .
a. generates proteins for muscles to use;
b. occurs in yeast cells only;
c. does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor;
d. uses glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

9.5 Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration

Lactic Acid Fermentation | Detailed

Fermentation: Lactic Acid, Alcohol & Glycolysis

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
a. the citric acid cycle
b. the electron transport chain
c. glycolysis
d. reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Recycle NADH to NAD+ for glycolysis.

Use NADH as a terminal electron acceptor.

Reduce NAD+ to NADH for glycolysis.

Fermentation allows a cell to:a) Recycle NADH to NAD+ for glycolysis.b) Use NADH as a terminal electron acceptor.c) Reduce NAD+ to NADH for glycolysis.d) Synthesize ATP via ATP synthase.

What Happens to Aerobic Organisms if There's No Oxygen?

Science of Cider - Alcoholic Fermentation

Fermentation

Which of the following describes a primary function of both lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation?a) Reduction of NAD+ to NADH.b) Oxidation of NADH to NAD+.c) Reduction of FAD to FADH2.d) &nbsp;Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP.

 removes poisonous oxygen from the environment 

 No. Oxygen does not participate in this process; in fact, lactate production is an emergency process for many cells when conditions are anaerobic. 

 extracts a bit more energy from glucose 

 No. The additional step in the fermentation process does not produce any ATP. 

 No. If the additional step(s) of fermentation did not occur, the production of pyruvate would be inhibited. 

 enables the cell to make pyruvate into substances it can use 

 No. In fact, pyruvate is more useful to the cell than is alcohol or lactate, which cannot be metabolized in the absence of oxygen. 

enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+

How does the process of fermentation in the absence of oxygen permit glycolysis to continue?

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step __________.

 No. The alcohol in beer is produced under anaerobic conditions. 

 one of the enzymes for alcoholic fermentation 

 No. Enzymes are usually proteins but never carbohydrates. 

 a substitute for pyruvate that cannot be made in yeast 

 No. All cells can perform glycolysis, which means that all cells can produce pyruvate. 

 the substrate for alcoholic fermentation 

Consider what happens to maltose under the alcoholic fermentation conditions needed to make beer.

In brewing beer, maltose (a disaccharide of glucose) is __________.

Metabolism - Part 2 - Glycolysis and Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcohol Fermentation

In both the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

In which of the steps of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?a) In glycolysis only.b) In the Krebs cycle only.c) In the electron transport chain only.d) In both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.e) In both the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

Making ATP without Oxygen

 No. Under anaerobic conditions, the accumulation of ATP in cells should go down, not up. 

 No. In fact, when cells become anaerobic they do not use the citric acid cycle, which is the source of most carbon dioxide. 

 No. As long as the muscle is working, ADP will be produced from the hydrolysis of ATP. 

 No. If the cell were anaerobic, there would be no oxygen. 

Consider which of these is a product of fermentation in muscle cells.

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of which of the following compounds?

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