Throughout this course, we've been focusing on what's called the Keynesian model of economics, based on the studies of John Maynard Keynes. Before that, they used the classical model of Economics. Let's learn some of the key differences and similarities between these models. So let's start here with the classical model. And this is basically the original foundation of economics, and it was used primarily before the Great Depression. And this was developed generally first by, we'll say Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations. This is where a lot of these ideas came from in the classical model of economics. So this model had a flexible approach to prices and wages, okay? So everything was flexible. Wages can move up and down at any point in time. Prices moved up and down based on the laws of supply and demand, okay? So based on current financial conditions, prices and wages would quickly move to adjust to those conditions. So in a recession, right? The prices would fall. In an expansion, prices would rise along with wages. Everything would be moving. And the economy was also assumed to be always at full employment. There was always full employment. Anyone who wanted a job could get a job and all resources were being used, right? So this economy was said to be self-correcting, needing no intervention. This is the big thing about the classical model. That they said that there was what we call the invisible hand. It's said, to be the invisible hand of the market would fix any problems that the market fix. If you're going through inflation, well, the market would fix itself over time. If you're going through a recession, the market's gonna fix itself as well. This is said to be called what we say is laissez-faire, laissez-faire economics. And this is just this no intervention policy, allowing things to run their course without intervention. Okay? That's the big thing with the classical model is those flexible prices and no intervention. Okay? So as a metaphor, we're going to compare the classical and Keynesian models with the metaphor. So imagine you're Imagine there's a busy highway with a 60-mile per hour speed limit. During rush hour, which we're gonna assume is a recession here, during rush hour, the freeway is packed and no one can actually go the speed limit, right? We're going through a recession, but eventually, as time passes, people leave the highway. It'll clear up again, right? And this is that self-correcting. After a while, the highway clears up and everyone can go the speed limit again and everything's back to normal, right? So the recession happens, you don't intervene at all. Eventually, it clears up and we move on. Okay? So that's the whole thing with the classical model. Remember, there's no intervention and it's flexible, prices, and wages. Cool? Let's pause here and then let's talk about the Keynesian model in the next video.
Classical Model and Keynesian Model - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
Classical Model
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Keynesian Model
Video transcript
Alright. So now, let's see some of the big differences here with the Keynesian Model. The Keynesian Model was introduced during the Great Depression. This is where they started to think, maybe the classical model isn't working as we thought it would. And this was developed by John Maynard Keynes. And that's what we've been focused on mainly throughout this course when we've been studying different graphs and different topics here. We've been focused here on Keynesian Economics. So, this model notes that instead of everything being flexible and adjusting to the market quickly, sometimes prices and wages may be sticky. Okay? And we call them sticky, which means they're not flexible, right? They're not able to change quickly. Okay? So when there are sticky wages, that's like, let's say, a labor union where they sign a contract for what their wages are going to be for the next 3 years. Well, that's sticky. That can't really change because it's based on the contract. So if a recession happens or an expansion inflation, well, that wage is going to stay the same no matter what's happening in the market. So prices and wages do not always adjust quickly when we have this sticky model here. Another key thing is that the economy is not always at full employment. So before, the classical model assumed that anyone who wanted work could find work. Any resources we had were always being utilized. However, in this model, we learned that some people who are looking for work cannot find work. And we learned about that when we studied unemployment, right? With frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, and cyclical unemployment during recessions, right? They don't think that the economy is self-correcting in this model. The Keynesian model does not believe that the economy will always fix its own problems. Sometimes, government intervention will help fight inflation or recessions. So that's one of the big differences. The Keynesian model believes that government intervention is necessary to help fight recessions and inflation. So let's think of that same metaphor here. Imagine now the same busy highway, 60 miles per hour speed limit. And during rush hour, the freeway is packed and no one can actually go the speed limit. However, the reason it's packed is that a semi-truck has tipped over and is blocking all the lanes, right? So now, the highway is totally blocked and there's nothing nobody can move. The traffic will not clear up until someone, the government in this case, intervenes and helps remove the obstruction, right? So once the government intervenes, removes this obstruction in the economy and we get back to normal. The speed limit is attained again. Right? So this is the difference here. The government intervention is necessary to fight a recession or fight inflation. Okay? So that's the big difference: the flexible versus the sticky wages and prices and then, the government intervention here in the Keynesian model. Cool? Let's pause real quick and then we're going to look at these on the graph and notice what one of the key differences is between the two models on the graph.
Graphical Comparison of Classical Model and Keynesian Model
Video transcript
Alright. So now let's look at this aggregate demand aggregate supply model. Remember the aggregate demand aggregate supply model that we have? Well, we say that we've got our short run aggregate supply and our long run aggregate supply going straight up and down there with long run. And then we've got our aggregate demand, with the downward slope there. So in the classical model, our short run equilibrium always adjusts straight back to the long run equilibrium. So what I mean by that is, let's say we go through a recession and aggregate demand has fallen, okay? So if there's a situation where aggregate demand falls, let's say it goes to the left here. So this is aggregate demand 1, and now we have a new aggregate demand out here, Aggregate demand 2. Well, the classical model believes that this will adjust immediately. Instead of having this short run equilibrium over here, this doesn't happen. We never have this short run equilibrium. The short run aggregate supply is automatically going to adjust right over here because remember how we said that in the classical model, everything's flexible. So prices and wages are going to adjust automatically. So instead of having this short run equilibrium where we move to this recessionary phase below our potential GDP, we immediately move back to a long run equilibrium there. So it basically goes from here, 1 to 2 right there. It moves the equilibrium from 1 to 2 automatically. And if you don't totally recall the aggregate demand, aggregate supply model, go ahead and review that real quick if you're confused with this. And then, of course, you can come back and review this video. But the main difference here is just showing that the classical model instantly corrects while the Keynesian model will take time to correct. So we're going to have the same thing. Our short run aggregate supply, our long run aggregate supply, and our aggregate demand. And we go through a recession that shifts aggregate demand to the left. But now, in this model, we're going to have a time lag in between. So we're going to have our original equilibrium 1, and then we'll have the short run equilibrium 2. And then there's going to be time where it takes time for us to reach our new equilibrium, our new long run equilibrium when short run aggregate supply shifts to the right. Okay? Shifts to the right or government intervention helping push aggregate demand back to its levels, right? So there is going to be the short run equilibrium where we're not at our long run potential GDP. Right? The potential GDP being this spot right here, where the long run aggregate supply is. Okay? That's our potential GDP. So notice that in the classical view, it's going to adjust immediately back to the long run. But in the Keynesian view, well, it's going to spend some time at a short run equilibrium that's not at the long run equilibrium, and then it'll adjust finally to the long run equilibrium. And that's because of those sticky wages, and then the government intervention can also help us fight this recession faster. Okay? So that's the big difference there, is the classical view will instantly change and the Keynesian view has that stickiness. Alright? Let's go ahead and pause here and move on to the next video.
