17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

Which radioactive element has the lowest atomic number (Z) among the choices below?

In the context of types of radiation, what does it mean when an atom has decayed?

Identify the type of particle or radiation for each of the following:b. ¹₁H

Identify and write the symbol for each of the five nuclides in the decay series shown in Problem.

List three of the five ways in which a nuclear reaction differs from a chemical reaction.

How does ionizing radiation lead to cell damage?

How does nuclear fission differ from normal radioactive decay?

Identify the starting radioisotopes needed to balance each of these nuclear reactions:a.

b.

Bismuth-212 attaches readily to monoclonal antibodies and is used in the treatment of various cancers. This bismuth-212 is formed after the parent isotope undergoes a decay series consisting of four α decays and one β decay (the decays could be in any order). What is the parent isotope for this decay series?

Thorium-232 decays by a 10-step series, ultimately yielding lead-208. How many α particles and how many β particles are emitted?

Californium-246 is formed by bombardment of uranium-238 atoms. If four neutrons are formed as by-products, what particle is used for the bombardment?