Which of the following are paired correctly? 

• A. Taxonomy: study of evolutionary relationships.
• B. Taxonomy: the naming and classification of organisms.
• C. Phylogeny: the process of classifying organisms into species.
• D. Phylogeny: the process of naming organisms.

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Begin by understanding the term 'Taxonomy'. Taxonomy is the science of naming, defining, and classifying organisms into groups based on shared characteristics. It involves organizing species into hierarchical categories such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
2. Next, clarify the term 'Phylogeny'. Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of species. It is often depicted as a phylogenetic tree, which shows how different species are related through common ancestors.
3. Identify the incorrect pairings in the problem. 'Taxonomy: study of evolutionary relationships' is incorrect because taxonomy focuses on classification and naming, not directly on evolutionary relationships. 'Phylogeny: the process of classifying organisms into species' is incorrect because phylogeny deals with evolutionary relationships, not classification.
4. Recognize the correct pairing. 'Taxonomy: the naming and classification of organisms' is correct because taxonomy is indeed concerned with naming and classifying organisms.
5. Understand why 'Phylogeny: the process of naming organisms' is incorrect. Naming organisms is part of taxonomy, not phylogeny. Phylogeny is concerned with understanding the evolutionary connections between organisms.