Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria?

• A. They capture light energy to produce glucose.
• B. They generate ATP through cellular respiration.
• C. They synthesize proteins from amino acids.
• D. They store genetic information in the form of DNA.

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Begin by identifying the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are often referred to as the 'powerhouses' of the cell because their main role is energy production.
2. Step 2: Understand the process of cellular respiration. Mitochondria generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell, through a series of biochemical reactions. These reactions include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation.
3. Step 3: Compare the options provided in the question. The first option, 'They capture light energy to produce glucose,' describes the function of chloroplasts, not mitochondria. The third option, 'They synthesize proteins from amino acids,' is the role of ribosomes. The fourth option, 'They store genetic information in the form of DNA,' refers to the nucleus.
4. Step 4: Focus on the correct answer, 'They generate ATP through cellular respiration.' This accurately describes the function of mitochondria, as they are responsible for producing ATP by breaking down glucose and other molecules in the presence of oxygen.
5. Step 5: Conclude by emphasizing the importance of mitochondria in energy metabolism and cellular function, ensuring the student understands why this answer is correct and how it relates to the broader context of cell biology.