Which process can release carbon both to the atmosphere and into the soil?

• A. Photolysis
• B. Cellular respiration
• C. Transpiration
• D. Photosynthesis

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Begin by understanding the processes listed in the problem: Photolysis, Cellular Respiration, Transpiration, and Photosynthesis. Each of these processes plays a role in the carbon cycle or other biological functions.
2. Step 2: Recall that Cellular Respiration is the process by which organisms break down glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) in the presence of oxygen (O₂) to produce energy, releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere as a byproduct. The chemical equation for cellular respiration is: $C_6{H}_{12}{O}_6+6O_2\to 6{\mathrm{CO}}_2+6H_{2}O$.
3. Step 3: Cellular respiration also contributes to the release of carbon into the soil. When organisms die, their organic matter undergoes decomposition by microorganisms, which release carbon compounds into the soil as part of the nutrient cycle.
4. Step 4: Compare this to the other processes listed. Photolysis involves the breakdown of molecules by light and does not directly release carbon. Transpiration is the process of water movement through plants and does not involve carbon release. Photosynthesis, on the other hand, absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce glucose, effectively reducing atmospheric carbon rather than releasing it.
5. Step 5: Conclude that Cellular Respiration is the correct process that releases carbon both to the atmosphere (as CO₂) and into the soil (through decomposition).