Why does a hepatocyte (liver cell) look and function differently from a neuron (brain cell)?

• A. Because they contain different numbers of chromosomes.
• B. Because hepatocytes and neurons originate from different species.
• C. Because they express different sets of genes, leading to specialized structures and functions.
• D. Because only neurons have mitochondria, while hepatocytes do not.

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that all cells in a multicellular organism, such as humans, generally contain the same set of chromosomes and genes. This means hepatocytes and neurons both have the same genetic material.
2. Recognize that the differences in structure and function between hepatocytes and neurons arise from differential gene expression. This means that specific genes are turned on (expressed) or off in each cell type, depending on their specialized roles.
3. Learn that hepatocytes are specialized for functions like detoxification, metabolism, and protein synthesis. They express genes that produce enzymes for these processes, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes for detoxification.
4. Understand that neurons are specialized for transmitting electrical signals and communication within the nervous system. They express genes that produce proteins like neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels, which are essential for signal transmission.
5. Conclude that the specialization of hepatocytes and neurons is due to the selective expression of different sets of genes, not differences in chromosomes, species origin, or the presence of organelles like mitochondria (which both cell types have).