Which of the following are examples of symbiotic associations?

• A. Parasitism and herbivory
• B. Predation and competition
• C. Amensalism and neutralism
• D. Mutualism and commensalism

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of symbiosis: Symbiosis refers to a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. It can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral to one or both parties involved.
2. Identify the types of symbiotic relationships: The main types of symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Mutualism is where both organisms benefit, commensalism is where one benefits and the other is unaffected, and parasitism is where one benefits at the expense of the other.
3. Evaluate the given options: Parasitism and herbivory involve one organism benefiting at the expense of another, which fits parasitism but not herbivory as a symbiotic relationship. Predation and competition are interactions but not symbiotic as they do not involve long-term association. Amensalism and neutralism involve one organism being harmed or unaffected, which are not typically considered symbiotic.
4. Focus on mutualism and commensalism: Mutualism and commensalism are both examples of symbiotic relationships. In mutualism, both organisms benefit from the relationship, while in commensalism, one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
5. Conclude with the correct examples: Based on the definitions and characteristics of symbiotic relationships, mutualism and commensalism are the correct examples of symbiotic associations.