37. Plant Sensation and Response

Plant Defenses

Plant Defense and Disease Resistance!

A plant biologist observed a peculiar pattern when a tropical shrub was attacked by caterpillars. After a caterpillar ate a leaf, it would skip over nearby leaves and attack a leaf some distance away. Simply removing a leaf did not trigger the same change nearby. The biologist suspected that a damaged leaf sent out a chemical that signaled other leaves. How could this hypothesis be tested?

Suppose that a mutant plant is unable to make methyl salicylate. Explain why it is not likely to survive in the wild.

Plant Responses to the Environment: Tropisms and Defenses

Plant Defenses: How Plants Avoid Being Eaten

Plant and Animal Defense

Plant Responses to Pathogens

Herbivore Defenses

Plant Defense Mechanisms from Pathogens

The amazing ways plants defend themselves - Valentin Hammoudi

Pathogen Defenses

Imagine the following scenario: A plant biologist has developed a synthetic chemical that mimics the effects of a plant hormone. The chemical can be sprayed on apples before harvest to prevent flaking of the natural wax that is formed on the skin. This makes the apples shinier and gives them a deeper red color. What kinds of questions do you think should be answered before farmers start using this chemical on apples? How might the scientist go about finding answers to these questions?

 produce large quantities of heat-shock proteins that discourage foraging 

 No. Heat-shock proteins are produced in response to heat stress. 

 increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the membranes 

 No. An increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the membranes is a response to cold stress. 

 respond by producing organic solutes that affect water potential 

 increase the synthesis and release of abscisic acid, a deterrent to foraging 

 No. The synthesis and release of abscisic acid is a response to a water deficit. 

 synthesize and release chemicals that attract wasps that prey on the caterpillar 

Consider which of these would be the most effective means of getting rid of the herbivore.

In at least some species of plant, a leaf damaged by a caterpillar may __________.

Plant Defenses Against Herbivory

Which of the following is a type of defense used by plants to deter herbivores?
a. chemicals toxic to the herbivore
b. chemicals that recruit other animals
c. spines
d. a, b, and c

 No. The pathogen must already be in contact with the plant cell for this mechanism to function. 

specific plant disease resistance (R) genes

 No. These are molecular sequences that are recognized as part of PAMP-triggered immunity. 

 No. Phytoalexins are produced in response to contact with pathogenic microbes. 

 the physical barrier of the epidermis (or periderm) 

This is the same as in humans and other animals.

The first line of defense against pathogens is __________.

 Thick sclerenchymal cells that are difficult to chew 

 No. This statement is true, but there is a better response. 

 Physical defenses, such as thorns and spines 

 Chemicals that mimic insect hormones and cause developmental malformations in insects that eat them 

 All of the listed responses are correct. 

Consider which of these would discourage you from consuming that plant.

Which of the following is/are plant defenses against the herbivores that feed on them?

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1. Introduction to Biology

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3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

11. Cell Division

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

15. Gene Expression

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

20. Development

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals

31. Invertebrates

32. Vertebrates

33. Plant Anatomy

34. Vascular Plant Transport

35. Soil

36. Plant Reproduction

38. Animal Form and Function

39. Digestive System

40. Circulatory System

41. Immune System

42. Osmoregulation and Excretion

43. Endocrine System

44. Animal Reproduction

45. Nervous System

46. Sensory Systems

47. Muscle Systems

48. Ecology

49. Animal Behavior

50. Population Ecology

51. Community Ecology

52. Ecosystems

53. Conservation Biology

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