1. Introduction to Biology

2. Chemistry

3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

11. Cell Division

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

15. Gene Expression

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

20. Development

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals

31. Invertebrates

32. Vertebrates

33. Plant Anatomy

34. Vascular Plant Transport

35. Soil

36. Plant Reproduction

37. Plant Sensation and Response

38. Animal Form and Function

39. Digestive System

40. Circulatory System

41. Immune System

42. Osmoregulation and Excretion

43. Endocrine System

44. Animal Reproduction

45. Nervous System

46. Sensory Systems

47. Muscle Systems

48. Ecology

49. Animal Behavior

50. Population Ecology

51. Community Ecology

52. Ecosystems

53. Conservation Biology

[BOOK BIO] CLUTCH

BioFlix: Diabetes

Blood Sugar Homeostasis

Blood Sugar Levels Homeostasis

No. Leptin is produced by adipose tissue. High blood levels of leptin should cue the brain to suppress appetite.

the stomach; the churning motion you feel when you are hungry

the stomach; the breakdown of glycogen stores

adipose tissue; the breakdown of adipose tissue

No. High levels of leptin normally suppress appetite. High levels of leptin are a signal to the brain that there is plenty of fat stored in the body.

Leptin deficiency can lead to obesity.

Leptin, an appetite regulator, is produced in __________ and at high levels can lead to __________.

Regulation of Blood Glucose

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?
a. muscle proteins
b. muscle and liver glycogen
c. fat in the liver
d. fat in adipose tissue

Explain why insulin injections are more effective in controlling the blood glucose level in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus than in those with type 2 diabetes.

When food is plentiful, animals tend to store most of what they eat as fat. Why is this?

The mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the most feared viruses for pregnant women. Recent statistics justify this fear: Infants born to mothers infected with ZIKV during pregnancy face a risk of up to 42 percent of developing birth defects, including microcephaly (an abnormally small head and decreased brain volume). What do we know about how ZIKV causes damage to the developing brain?

Draw a model to illustrate how the Zika virus genome is used to produce new virions. In your drawing, identify the steps required to replicate the genome and those used to produce mRNA. Also note where mRNAs that are used to produce capsid and envelope proteins are translated.

BioFlix: Homeostasis: Regulating Blood Sugar

A hormone that reduces the blood glucose level is            , and a hormone that increases the blood glucose level is            .

Introduction to Blood

The mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the most feared viruses for pregnant women. Recent statistics justify this fear: Infants born to mothers infected with ZIKV during pregnancy face a risk of up to 42 percent of developing birth defects, including microcephaly (an abnormally small head and decreased brain volume). What do we know about how ZIKV causes damage to the developing brain?

Researchers recently developed a mouse model for fetal brain defects associated with human ZIKV infection. To determine the effect of ZIKV on the number of neurons in the brain, ZIKV was injected into the brains of developing mouse embryos. Neurons were identified by staining sections of brain tissue with antibodies against NeuN, a neuron-specific protein, and the number of NeuN-positive cells per mm2 in specific regions was quantified. The results of three independent experiments are shown in the graph below. Use the P value provided to determine if the difference is significant or not (* means P< 0.05). Based on these results, what can you conclude?

Composition of Blood

Insulin and the Regulation of Glucose in the Blood

PE: The Components of Blood

No. Overnourishment causes obesity, which in turn can lead to diabetes. Overnourishment does not, however, directly cause diabetes.

No. Overnourishment causes obesity, which in turn can lead to cardiovascular disease. Overnourishment does not, however, directly cause cardiovascular disease.

No. Overnourishment causes obesity, which in turn can lead to cancer. Overnourishment does not, however, directly cause cancer.

Eating more than you need can lead to overnourishment.

Overnourishment is a direct cause of __________.

Low blood sugar, pancreatic beta cells stimulated, insulin released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells

No. When blood sugar levels are low, the pancreas releases glucagon.

High blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, insulin released, uptake of glucose by target cells

No. Pancreatic beta cells release insulin.

High blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, glycogen synthesis in liver

No. Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen, not its synthesis.

No. One of the listed responses is correct.

Low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells

How do glucagon and insulin interact with each other?

Which sequence below correctly describes the maintenance of blood glucose levels?

How Insulin and Glucagon Work

No. Fat is not the first source of calories used.

No. Most animals use proteins for energy only after exhausting their supply of carbohydrates and fats.

What is the first source of stored calories used when losing weight?

Several days after a long holiday weekend including much overeating, you try to cut back on your calories. The first day that you reduce your calorie intake to below the levels that you need, your body will respond by using which of the following?

Blood Glucose Regulation and Diabetes

Blood glucose regulation

Components of Blood and their function

No. Secretin is secreted by the small intestine in response to the low pH of the acidic chyme as it moves into the duodenum from the stomach.

No. Calcium is not a hormone and is involved in intracellular signaling, among many other things.

No. Glycogen is not a hormone; it is a polysaccharide that is formed by linking together glucose molecules.

No. The primary action of glucagon is to elevate blood sugar by accelerating the catabolism of glycogen.

Think about those with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in blood levels of the hormone __________.

The Composition and Function of Blood

is a common disorder in overweight individuals older than 40

No. Adult onset is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes, although in recent years development in younger individuals has been on the rise.

is treated by improving insulin receptor efficiency rather than by giving insulin

No. Loss of receptor sensitivity is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes.

is the most common form of the disease; more than 90% of all diabetics have type 1 diabetes

No. Type 2 diabetes, which is also called insulin-dependent diabetes, is the most common form.

can be controlled for many years with exercise and a proper diet

No. The responsiveness of the disease to diet and exercise is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes.

is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas

Type 1 diabetes mellitus results in a shortage of insulin.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus __________.

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