39. Digestive System

Type 1 diabetes mellitus __________.

Which sequence below correctly describes the maintenance of blood glucose levels?

Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in blood levels of the hormone __________.

Several days after a long holiday weekend including much overeating, you try to cut back on your calories. The first day that you reduce your calorie intake to below the levels that you need, your body will respond by using which of the following?

Overnourishment is a direct cause of __________.

Leptin, an appetite regulator, is produced in __________ and at high levels can lead to __________.

A hormone that reduces the blood glucose level is            , and a hormone that increases the blood glucose level is            .

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap? a. muscle proteins b. muscle and liver glycogen c. fat in the liver d. fat in adipose tissue

Explain why insulin injections are more effective in controlling the blood glucose level in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus than in those with type 2 diabetes.

When food is plentiful, animals tend to store most of what they eat as fat. Why is this?

The mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the most feared viruses for pregnant women. Recent statistics justify this fear: Infants born to mothers infected with ZIKV during pregnancy face a risk of up to 42 percent of developing birth defects, including microcephaly (an abnormally small head and decreased brain volume). What do we know about how ZIKV causes damage to the developing brain? Researchers recently developed a mouse model for fetal brain defects associated with human ZIKV infection. To determine the effect of ZIKV on the number of neurons in the brain, ZIKV was injected into the brains of developing mouse embryos. Neurons were identified by staining sections of brain tissue with antibodies against NeuN, a neuron-specific protein, and the number of NeuN-positive cells per mm2 in specific regions was quantified. The results of three independent experiments are shown in the graph below. Use the P value provided to determine if the difference is significant or not (* means P< 0.05). Based on these results, what can you conclude?

The mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the most feared viruses for pregnant women. Recent statistics justify this fear: Infants born to mothers infected with ZIKV during pregnancy face a risk of up to 42 percent of developing birth defects, including microcephaly (an abnormally small head and decreased brain volume). What do we know about how ZIKV causes damage to the developing brain? Draw a model to illustrate how the Zika virus genome is used to produce new virions. In your drawing, identify the steps required to replicate the genome and those used to produce mRNA. Also note where mRNAs that are used to produce capsid and envelope proteins are translated.