Which of the following is NOT considered a pioneer species in ecological succession?

• A. Lichen
• B. Oak tree
• C. Algae
• D. Moss

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of ecological succession: Ecological succession is the process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize barren or disturbed environments, initiating the recovery process.
2. Identify characteristics of pioneer species: Pioneer species are typically hardy, fast-growing, and able to survive in harsh conditions. They often lack competition and can establish themselves in areas with limited resources.
3. Examine the options provided: Lichen, algae, and moss are all examples of pioneer species because they can grow in barren environments, such as bare rock or soil, and contribute to the formation of soil for other organisms. Oak trees, on the other hand, are not pioneer species because they require established soil and a more developed ecosystem to grow.
4. Analyze why oak trees are not pioneer species: Oak trees are considered late-successional species. They grow in mature ecosystems and rely on the groundwork laid by pioneer species, such as soil formation and nutrient cycling.
5. Conclude that oak trees are NOT pioneer species: Based on the characteristics of pioneer species and the ecological role of oak trees, the correct answer is 'Oak tree.'