In the context of natural selection and evolution, Darwin's explanation for evolution was most dependent on which scientific concept?

• A. Individuals acquire beneficial traits during their lifetime and pass those acquired traits to their offspring.
• B. Evolution occurs because random genetic drift always produces adaptations that increase fitness.
• C. Species evolve primarily because organisms consciously strive toward greater complexity and perfection.
• D. Heritable variation among individuals leads to differential survival and reproduction (natural selection).

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that Darwin's explanation for evolution centers on the concept of natural selection, which requires variation among individuals in a population.
2. Recognize that this variation must be heritable, meaning it can be passed from parents to offspring through genetic information.
3. Know that natural selection acts on this heritable variation by favoring individuals with traits that increase their chances of survival and reproduction.
4. Realize that over many generations, these advantageous traits become more common in the population, leading to evolutionary change.
5. Distinguish this from incorrect ideas such as acquired traits being inherited, random genetic drift always producing adaptations, or organisms consciously striving for complexity, which are not supported by Darwin's theory.