Why are lichens considered good pioneer species after a volcanic eruption?

• A. They outcompete all other plants for sunlight and water.
• B. They require rich, organic soil to survive and reproduce.
• C. They can grow on bare rock and help create soil by breaking down minerals.
• D. They rely on animal pollinators that are abundant after eruptions.

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of pioneer species: Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize barren environments, such as areas affected by volcanic eruptions. They play a crucial role in initiating ecological succession by creating conditions suitable for other organisms.
2. Recognize the unique characteristics of lichens: Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of fungi and algae (or cyanobacteria). This partnership allows them to survive in harsh environments, including bare rock, where other organisms cannot thrive.
3. Explain how lichens contribute to soil formation: Lichens secrete acids that chemically weather rocks, breaking them down into smaller particles. This process helps create the foundation for soil development, which is essential for the growth of other plants.
4. Clarify why lichens do not require rich, organic soil: Unlike many plants, lichens can grow directly on bare rock without needing pre-existing soil. Their ability to survive in nutrient-poor conditions makes them ideal pioneer species.
5. Address the incorrect options: Lichens do not rely on animal pollinators, nor do they outcompete other plants for sunlight and water. Instead, their role as pioneer species is tied to their ability to colonize barren environments and contribute to soil formation.