What is the primary difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation in the context of speciation?

• A. Geographic isolation leads to immediate reproductive isolation, whereas habitat differentiation never results in speciation.
• B. Geographic isolation involves physical barriers that separate populations, while habitat differentiation occurs when populations occupy different niches within the same area.
• C. Geographic isolation only occurs in plants, while habitat differentiation only occurs in animals.
• D. Geographic isolation results from behavioral differences, while habitat differentiation is caused by genetic mutations.

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of speciation: Speciation is the process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. It often involves reproductive isolation, where populations can no longer interbreed to produce viable offspring.
2. Define geographic isolation: Geographic isolation occurs when physical barriers, such as mountains, rivers, or oceans, separate populations. This prevents gene flow between the populations, leading to reproductive isolation and potentially speciation over time.
3. Define habitat differentiation: Habitat differentiation happens when populations occupy different ecological niches within the same geographic area. This can lead to reduced gene flow as populations adapt to their specific niches, potentially resulting in speciation.
4. Compare the two processes: Geographic isolation involves physical separation of populations, while habitat differentiation occurs without physical barriers. Instead, it relies on ecological or behavioral factors that reduce interbreeding.
5. Clarify the incorrect statements: Geographic isolation is not limited to plants, nor is habitat differentiation limited to animals. Additionally, geographic isolation is not caused by behavioral differences, and habitat differentiation is not solely caused by genetic mutations. These processes are distinct mechanisms of speciation.