How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties of cohesion and adhesion?

• A. Water molecules have ionic bonds, which increase their surface tension.
• B. Water molecules are nonpolar, which enhances their ability to stick to other substances.
• C. Water molecules are linear, allowing them to easily interact with other molecules.
• D. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds, leading to strong cohesive and adhesive forces.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the structure of a water molecule: Water (H₂O) consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. The oxygen atom is more electronegative, creating a polar molecule with a partial negative charge near the oxygen and a partial positive charge near the hydrogens.
2. Recognize the concept of hydrogen bonding: Due to the polarity of water molecules, the partially positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen atoms of another water molecule, forming hydrogen bonds.
3. Explore cohesion: Cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same substance. In water, hydrogen bonds hold the molecules together, resulting in high surface tension and allowing phenomena like water droplets forming on surfaces.
4. Explore adhesion: Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances. Water's polarity allows it to form hydrogen bonds with other polar substances, enabling it to stick to surfaces, which is crucial for processes like capillary action in plants.
5. Summarize the unique properties: The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds due to its polar structure is key to its cohesive and adhesive properties, which are essential for many biological and ecological processes.