In the context of DNA-based technology, what is measured in the radiocarbon dating of organic materials?

• A. The amount of DNA degradation over time
• B. The ratio of \(^{14}ext{C}\) to \(^{12}ext{C}\) isotopes
• C. The presence of radioactive phosphorus (\(^{32}ext{P}\))
• D. The concentration of nitrogen in the sample

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the concept of radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating is a method used to determine the age of organic materials by measuring the decay of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 (\(^{14}\text{C}\)). This isotope is naturally present in the atmosphere and incorporated into living organisms during their lifetime.
2. Step 2: Recognize the key isotopes involved. Radiocarbon dating specifically measures the ratio of \(^{14}\text{C}\) (radioactive carbon) to \(^{12}\text{C}\) (stable carbon) in a sample. Over time, \(^{14}\text{C}\) decays into nitrogen-14 (\(^{14}\text{N}\)), while \(^{12}\text{C}\) remains constant.
3. Step 3: Eliminate incorrect options. DNA degradation over time is not related to radiocarbon dating, as this method does not measure DNA. Similarly, the presence of radioactive phosphorus (\(^{32}\text{P}\)) and the concentration of nitrogen in the sample are unrelated to the process of radiocarbon dating.
4. Step 4: Focus on the correct measurement. Radiocarbon dating relies on the ratio of \(^{14}\text{C}\) to \(^{12}\text{C}\) isotopes in the sample. This ratio decreases over time as \(^{14}\text{C}\) decays, allowing scientists to estimate the age of the material.
5. Step 5: Apply the concept to the problem. Based on the explanation, the correct answer is that radiocarbon dating measures the ratio of \(^{14}\text{C}\) to \(^{12}\text{C}\) isotopes in organic materials.