Pioneer species are species that enter an area:

• A. to outcompete established species in mature ecosystems
• B. first, initiating ecological succession
• C. after the climax community is established
• D. only when the area is fully developed

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of ecological succession: Ecological succession is the process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. It begins with pioneer species and progresses toward a climax community.
2. Define pioneer species: Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize a barren or disturbed area. They are typically hardy species that can survive in harsh conditions and initiate the process of ecological succession.
3. Clarify the role of pioneer species: Pioneer species modify the environment by breaking down rock, adding organic material, and creating conditions suitable for other species to follow. This sets the stage for more complex communities to develop.
4. Distinguish between pioneer species and climax community: Pioneer species are present at the beginning of ecological succession, while the climax community represents the stable, mature ecosystem that forms at the end of succession.
5. Identify the correct statement: Pioneer species enter an area first, initiating ecological succession. They do not outcompete established species in mature ecosystems, nor do they appear after the climax community is established or only when the area is fully developed.