In the regulation of gene expression, how do enhancers differ from promoters?

• A. Enhancers are located immediately upstream of the gene, while promoters can be located far away.
• B. Enhancers bind to RNA polymerase, while promoters bind to transcription factors.
• C. Enhancers increase the rate of transcription, while promoters initiate transcription.
• D. Enhancers are only found in prokaryotes, while promoters are found in eukaryotes.

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the role of promoters: Promoters are DNA sequences located near the start of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and transcription factors, initiating the process of transcription.
2. Understand the role of enhancers: Enhancers are DNA sequences that can be located far from the gene they regulate. They increase the rate of transcription by facilitating the binding of transcription factors and other proteins that enhance the activity of RNA polymerase.
3. Differentiate between location: Promoters are typically located immediately upstream of the gene they regulate, whereas enhancers can be located upstream, downstream, or even within the gene they regulate.
4. Clarify the binding differences: Promoters are the sites where RNA polymerase and general transcription factors bind to start transcription. Enhancers, on the other hand, do not bind RNA polymerase directly but interact with transcription factors and coactivators to enhance transcription.
5. Recognize the organismal context: Both enhancers and promoters are found in eukaryotes, not just prokaryotes. Enhancers are not exclusive to prokaryotes; they play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.