1. Introduction to Biology

2. Chemistry

3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

11. Cell Division

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

15. Gene Expression

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

20. Development

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals

31. Invertebrates

32. Vertebrates

33. Plant Anatomy

34. Vascular Plant Transport

35. Soil

36. Plant Reproduction

37. Plant Sensation and Response

38. Animal Form and Function

39. Digestive System

40. Circulatory System

41. Immune System

42. Osmoregulation and Excretion

43. Endocrine System

44. Animal Reproduction

45. Nervous System

46. Sensory Systems

47. Muscle Systems

48. Ecology

49. Animal Behavior

50. Population Ecology

51. Community Ecology

52. Ecosystems

53. Conservation Biology

[BOOK BIO] CLUTCH

What would happen if activation energy barriers didn't exist?
a. Substrates would not bind properly to enzymes;
b. Chemical reactions in the body would never occur;
c. Enzyme function would not be affected;
d, Metabolic reactions would proceed even if their products were not needed.

A biologist performed two series of experiments on lactase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose. First, she made up 10% lactose solutions containing different concentrations of enzyme and measured the rate at which galactose was produced (grams of galactose per minute). Results of these experiments are shown in Table A below. In the second series of experiments (Table B), she prepared 2% enzyme solutions containing different concentrations of lactose and again measured the rate of galactose production. 
(b) Graph and explain the relationship between the reaction rate and the substrate concentration. How and why did the results of the two experiments differ?.<img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/d54280c0a4dc87b0-1677714756097.jpg" style="width: 300px;">

A biologist performed two series of experiments on lactase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose. First, she made up 10% lactose solutions containing different concentrations of enzyme and measured the rate at which galactose was produced (grams of galactose per minute). Results of these experiments are shown in Table A below. In the second series of experiments (Table B), she prepared 2% enzyme solutions containing different concentrations of lactose and again measured the rate of galactose production. 
(a)Graph and explain the relationship between the reaction rate and the enzyme concentration.<img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/ba07230c0b2ce511-1677714693961.jpg" style="width: 520px;">

Enzyme Activation Energy

Activation energy: Kickstarting chemical reactions - Vance Kite

If you were to expose glucose to oxygen on your lab bench, why would you not expect to see it burn as described by the reaction in Figure 8.6? 
a. The reaction is endergonic and requires an input of energy.
b.The reaction is not spontaneous unless an enzyme is added.
c. The sugar must first be phosphorylated to increase its potential energy.
d. Activation energy is required for the sugar and oxygen to reach their transition state.<img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/879e9c48a6a5099d-1677287268589.jpg" style="width: 300px;">

√ The Definition of Activation Energy of Enzymes Explained. Watch this video to find out!

If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur?
a. Additional substrate will be formed.
b. The reaction will change from endergonic to exergonic.
c. The free energy of the system will change.
d. Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium.

Enzymes and Activation Energy

Function of Enzymes: Substrate, Active Site & Activation Energy

Activation Energy

Enzymes and activation energy | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy

Why is the barrier of the activation energy beneficial for cells? Explain how enzymes lower activation energy.

It is generally increased if the structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered.

It is independent of factors such as pH and temperature.

It increases the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding an enzyme's function?a) It is generally increased if the structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered.b) It is independent of factors such as pH and temperature.c) It increases the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers.

No. Enzymes would not alter the products in a reaction.

By harnessing heat energy to drive the breakage of bonds between atoms

No. Enzymes would not need to increase the reactivity of the molecules produced by a reaction.

The second and third choices are correct.

Think of what enzymes do to reactants to act as catalysts for a reaction.

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

What is a transition state?
a. the shape adopted by an enzyme that has an inhibitory molecule bound at its active site
b. the amount of kinetic energy required for a reaction to proceed
c. the intermediate complex formed as covalent bonds in the reactants are being broken and re-formed during a reaction
d. the enzyme shape after binding an allosteric regulatory molecule<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/991017a36272c903-1667488433686.jpg" alt="" />

Enzymes Lower Activation Energy

the hydrogen bonds that define the structure of the enzyme's active site are unstable

the substrate becomes a competitive inhibitor at lower temperature

No. A substrate can never be a competitive inhibitor of itself.

the cofactors required by the enzyme system lack the thermal energy required to activate the enzyme

No. Cofactors do not provide activation energy for enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

there is too little activation energy available

Consider what is required for a reaction to occur, regardless of the presence of enzymes.

A plot of reaction rate (velocity) against temperature for an enzyme indicates little activity at 10&deg;C and 45&deg;C, with peak activity at 35&deg;C. The most reasonable explanation for the low velocity at 10&deg;C is that __________.

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