Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with which of the following organisms?

• A. Bacteria
• B. Viruses
• C. Insects
• D. Algae

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of mutualistic symbiosis: Mutualistic symbiosis is a relationship where both organisms involved benefit from the interaction. In the case of fungi, they often form mutualistic relationships with other organisms to exchange nutrients or provide protection.
2. Learn about fungi-algae symbiosis: Fungi form mutualistic relationships with algae in structures called lichens. In this relationship, the algae provide photosynthetic products (like sugars) to the fungi, while the fungi offer protection and a suitable environment for the algae to thrive.
3. Compare fungi's interactions with other organisms: While fungi can interact with bacteria, viruses, and insects, these relationships are not typically mutualistic symbioses. For example, fungi may parasitize insects or form antagonistic relationships with bacteria.
4. Focus on the correct pairing: The mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae is well-documented and is the correct answer to the question. This relationship is a classic example of mutualism in biology.
5. Conclude the reasoning: Based on the definition of mutualistic symbiosis and the specific examples of fungi-algae interactions, the correct answer is algae. This highlights the importance of understanding biological relationships in ecosystems.