1. Introduction to Biology

2. Chemistry

3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

11. Cell Division

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

15. Gene Expression

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

20. Development

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals

31. Invertebrates

32. Vertebrates

33. Plant Anatomy

34. Vascular Plant Transport

35. Soil

36. Plant Reproduction

37. Plant Sensation and Response

38. Animal Form and Function

39. Digestive System

40. Circulatory System

41. Immune System

42. Osmoregulation and Excretion

43. Endocrine System

44. Animal Reproduction

45. Nervous System

46. Sensory Systems

47. Muscle Systems

48. Ecology

49. Animal Behavior

50. Population Ecology

51. Community Ecology

52. Ecosystems

53. Conservation Biology

[BOOK BIO] CLUTCH

DRAW IT On this cross section from a woody eudicot, label a growth ring, late wood, early wood, and a vessel element. Then draw an arrow in the pith-to-cork direction.

Plants experience a vast array of conditions that can alter their growth and development, including temperature and availability of water, nutrients, and light. They are also exposed to pollutants such as acid rain formed largely as a result of burning fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. Acid rain can strip minerals and nutrients from the soil, and eat away the outer waxy layer of tissue that protects a plant. Acid rain is still a major environmental problem in certain regions. How does acid rain affect plant growth?

Give a plausible explanation for the differential effect of acid rain on height in camphor and chinaberry trees (i.e., what structural features might offer more protection from acid rain in one species versus another?).

Telomerase synthesizes DNA in the            direction.

Plants experience a vast array of conditions that can alter their growth and development, including temperature and availability of water, nutrients, and light. They are also exposed to pollutants such as acid rain formed largely as a result of burning fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. Acid rain can strip minerals and nutrients from the soil, and eat away the outer waxy layer of tissue that protects a plant. Acid rain is still a major environmental problem in certain regions. How does acid rain affect plant growth?

Researchers tested the effects of acid rain (pH 2.0) on seedlings of two different species, camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) and chinaberry tree (Melia azederach), using distilled water as a control. Results of the experiments are shown here. Note that acid rain caused a significant reduction of growth in chinaberry trees (*** means P < 0.001), but not in camphor trees. What was the approximate percentage of growth reduction observed in the chinaberry trees treated with acid rain? <img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/a9a19d4b50a45fd7-1677305465837.jpg" style="width: 300px;">

What aspect of DNA structure makes it possible for the proteins of nucleotide excision repair to recognize many different types of DNA damage? (b) the antiparallel orientation of strands in the double helix

Growth in Plants Intro (2016)

SECONDARY GROWTH

Plants experience a vast array of conditions that can alter their growth and development, including temperature and availability of water, nutrients, and light. They are also exposed to pollutants such as acid rain formed largely as a result of burning fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. Acid rain can strip minerals and nutrients from the soil, and eat away the outer waxy layer of tissue that protects a plant. Acid rain is still a major environmental problem in certain regions. How does acid rain affect plant growth?

Based on the results presented here, predict the impact of acid rain on the vascular cambium in the two species. How would that effect be apparent in the amount of wood produced in the tree trunks?

Which statement concerning grafting is correct?
a. Stocks and scions refer to twigs of different species.
b. Stocks and scions must come from unrelated species.
c. Stocks provide root systems for grafting.
d. Grafting creates new species.

No. Annuals complete their life cycle in a single year.

No. Biennials generally live for two years.

No. Most plants have indeterminate growth and continue growing until they die.

What does "perennial" mean?

If you wanted to plant a flowering plant in your yard that would bloom every spring, which of the following should you choose?

You attached a birdfeeder to a tree 5 years ago at a position 6 feet above the ground. The tree has grown since at a rate of 1 foot per year. What is the current height of the birdfeeder?

Plants experience a vast array of conditions that can alter their growth and development, including temperature and availability of water, nutrients, and light. They are also exposed to pollutants such as acid rain formed largely as a result of burning fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. Acid rain can strip minerals and nutrients from the soil, and eat away the outer waxy layer of tissue that protects a plant. Acid rain is still a major environmental problem in certain regions. How does acid rain affect plant growth?

Which meristem was likely affected in the chinaberry tree?

Dicotyledon Root Structure | Plant Biology

Primary growth increases the diameter of the plant.

No. Primary growth increases the length of the plant.

Stems that only experience primary growth are called woody plants.

Herbaceous plants have stems that exhibit only secondary growth.

Secondary growth, a feature of herbaceous plants, extends the length of the plant.

No. Primary growth extends the length of the plant. Secondary growth is not a feature of herbaceous plants.

Primary and secondary growth are required to produce woody plants.

Consider the directions of growth.

Some plants grow by primary and secondary mechanisms. Choose the correct description of a mechanism and its result.

Primary and Secondary Growth

Growth

Animation: Embryo and Endosperm Development

Taking food through its stalk, the developing seed expands its endosperm and embryo. When the embryo is mature and dormant, the integuments develop into a protective seed coat and detach from the ovary wall. The main axis of the embryo has a root apex and a short stem that may have a few tiny leaves near the shoot apex. The cotyledons are part of the embryo; they're the first leaves. Monocots have one cotyledon; eudicots have two.

Vascular plants = Winning! | Crash Course biology| Khan Academy

No. Apical meristem is responsible for primary growth.

No. Periderm is an external protective tissue and is not responsible for secondary growth.

No. Pith is ground tissue near the center of a stem.

Consider which of these answers gives rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

Annual rings in wood are evidence that in climates with a single annual growing season, the __________ divides actively when water is plentiful and temperatures are suitable for growth and ceases to divide when water is scarce and the weather is cold.

BioFlix: From Soil Into Roots

Animation: Primary and Secondary Growth

No. The meristem is the source of new cells.

No. Cell division in the vascular cambium, which produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem, causes an increase in the diameter of a stem.

differentiation (specialization) of root cells

No. Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions.

No. Root hairs are structures that increase the surface area of a root, thereby increasing the rate of nutrient absorption.

How do roots lengthen quickly?

Root tips are pushed farther into the soil mainly by __________.

Short Video: Root Growth in a Radish Seed

Plants experience a vast array of conditions that can alter their growth and development, including temperature and availability of water, nutrients, and light. They are also exposed to pollutants such as acid rain formed largely as a result of burning fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. Acid rain can strip minerals and nutrients from the soil, and eat away the outer waxy layer of tissue that protects a plant. Acid rain is still a major environmental problem in certain regions. How does acid rain affect plant growth?

Develop a hypothesis on the likely effects of acid rain on primary growth in trees. Based on your hypothesis, make some predictions about the impact of acid rain on the height of tree trunks.

Analyze the following statements about DNA synthesis. Select True or False for each statement.
T/F An RNA polymerase is essential for DNA synthesis.
T/F Okazaki fragments would be unnecessary if DNA polymerase could synthesize DNA in both the 3'→5' and 5'→3' directions.
T/F DNA ligase is used more frequently on the lagging strand than on the leading strand.
T/F Toposiomerase is required to separate the two strands of DNA at the replication fork.

BioFlix: Water Transport in Plants

No. Although primary growth does occur at the axillary buds, such growth results in branching, not an increase in height.

No. Bud scales are protective structures.

No. Lateral meristems play a role in secondary growth.

No. These are stem regions to which leaves are attached.

Primary growth must occur in a region of cell division.

Which example below is the site of primary growth that results in the plant's increasing in height?

More than 1 meter off the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree

No. Consider apical meristems; they elongate shoots through primary growth, and thus the tree grows from the top.

1 meter off the ground and the same depth in the tree

No. Consider lateral meristems; they add girth to woody plants through secondary growth.

More than 1 meter off the ground and the same depth in the tree

No. You are not considering apical and lateral meristems. Apical meristems elongate shoots through primary growth, and thus growth occurs from the top. Lateral meristems add girth through secondary growth, and thus the tree will increase in diameter.

1 meter off the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree

Where does growth occur in a tree?

If you pound a nail into a tree 1 meter off the ground and come back to find it in 20 years, what will it be?

In the late 1950s, Herbert Taylor grew bean root-tip cells in a solution of radioactive thymidine (a precursor to one of the deoxyribonucleotides in DNA) and allowed them to undergo one round of DNA replication. He then transferred the cells to a solution without radioactive thymidine, allowed them to replicate again, and examined their chromosomes for the presence of radioactivity. His results are shown in the following figure, where red indicates a radioactive chromatid. (a) Draw labeled diagrams of double-stranded DNA molecules that explain the pattern of radioactivity observed in the sister chromatids after the first and second rounds of replication.

No. The division of the cells of the apical meristem of a root provides the cells for primary growth.

No. Cork cambium is meristematic tissue that produces new cork by cell division and differentiation.

No. Vascular cambium is meristematic tissue that produces new xylem and phloem by cell division and differentiation.

No. The apical meristem consists of actively dividing cells found at the tip of a terminal bud.

Consider which one of these is not a type of actively dividing, undifferentiated tissue.

Cell division would occur least frequently in which of these tissues?

Plants experience a vast array of conditions that can alter their growth and development, including temperature and availability of water, nutrients, and light. They are also exposed to pollutants such as acid rain formed largely as a result of burning fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. Acid rain can strip minerals and nutrients from the soil, and eat away the outer waxy layer of tissue that protects a plant. Acid rain is still a major environmental problem in certain regions. How does acid rain affect plant growth?

Beyond primary and secondary growth, what other aspects of plant growth might be negatively affected when plants are exposed to environmental stress?

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by
a. a change in the morphology of the leaves produced.
b. the initiation of secondary growth.
c. the formation of lateral roots.
d. the activation of floral meristem identity genes.

Heartwood and sapwood consist of
a. bark.
b. periderm.
c. secondary xylem.
d. secondary phloem.

Plant Structure

The vascular cambium gives rise to 
(A) all xylem. 
(B) all phloem. 
(C) primary xylem and phloem. 
(D) secondary xylem and phloem

Plant Anatomy and Morphology

Trees can be killed by girdling—the removal of bark and vascular cambium in a ring all the way around the tree. Explain why.

Mechanisms of Plant Growth

Plant Root Structure

Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls. Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl?
a. carpel-petal-petal-carpel
b. petal-petal-stamen-stamen
c. sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal
d. sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel

In the late 1950s, Herbert Taylor grew bean root-tip cells in a solution of radioactive thymidine (a precursor to one of the deoxyribonucleotides in DNA) and allowed them to undergo one round of DNA replication. He then transferred the cells to a solution without radioactive thymidine, allowed them to replicate again, and examined their chromosomes for the presence of radioactivity. His results are shown in the following figure, where red indicates a radioactive chromatid. (b) What would the results of Taylor's experiment be if eukaryotes used a conservative mode of DNA replication?

Which statement best characterizes secondary growth?
a. It results from cell divisions in the vascular and cork cambia.
b. It increases the length of the plant stem.
c. It results from divisions in the apical meristem cells.
d. It often produces phloem cells to the inside and xylem cells to the outside of the vascular cambium.

What are Meristematic Tissues? | Don't Memorise

Root Growth

No. Ground tissue does not contribute to intermediate growth.

No. Dermal tissue is the outer covering of the plant.

No. Periderm is the outer covering of woody stems.

Consider which type of tissue is undifferentiated.

A region of dividing cells in a plant is called a __________.

What aspect of DNA structure makes it possible for the proteins of nucleotide excision repair to recognize many different types of DNA damage? (c) the energy differences between correct and incorrect base pairs

Place these tissues in order, starting at the center of a woody stem. (Hint: Review Figure 31.8A). 
a. vascular cambium 
b. primary phloem 
c. epidermis 
d. primary xylem

Animation: Secondary Growth

No. Nodes are places in the stem at which leaves are attached.

No. Leaf primordia are finger-like projections along the sides of apical meristems from which leaves develop.

No. Axillary buds form at leaf nodes. They are a type of dormant apical meristem.

No. Bundle sheaths are layers of cells that enclose and protect the vascular tissue in leaves.

Where is girth added to a plant?

Which of the following is a lateral meristem?

Removing the apical meristem stimulates growth in the lateral meristem, thus making the plant bushier.

No. The lateral meristem increases the girth of stems and roots. It does not make a plant bushier.

Removal of a node stimulates the internodes to grow and make the plant bushier.

No. Nodes are the places on the stems where leaves attach, and internodes are the stems between nodes. They are not the places where growth occurs.

Removing the apical meristem causes the plant to change from its vegetative phase to its reproductive phase. The reproductive phase is bushier.

No. Removal of the apical meristem is not the signal that causes the plant to go from vegetative to reproductive growth. Also, reproductive growth is not necessarily bushier.

Removing plant stems always leads to the plant producing more leaves.

Removing the apical meristem stimulates growth in the axillary buds, thus making the plant bushier.

Where else does the plant have meristem?

Why does pinching off the top of a plant make it bushier?

No. Vascular cambium gives rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

No. The endodermis separates vascular tissue from ground tissue.

No. The cortex is a ground tissue region.

Consider the tissue that is characteristic of roots.

Lateral roots in seed plants are initiated by cell divisions in the __________.

Which statement best characterizes primary growth?
a. It does not occur in roots, only in shoots.
b. It leads to the development of cork tissue.
c. It produces the dermal, ground, and vascular tissues.
d. It produces rings of xylem, phloem, and cork tissue.

Primary Growth in Plants

Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?
a. secondary xylem
b. leaves
c. dermal tissue
d. all of the above

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of
a. cell differentiation.
b. morphogenesis.
c. cell division.
d.cell elongation.

How are Okazaki fragments synthesized?
a. by using the leading-strand template, and synthesizing 5'→3'
b. by using the leading-strand template, and synthesizing 3'→5'
c. by using the lagging-strand template, and synthesizing 5'→3'
d. by using the lagging-strand template, and synthesizing

What aspect of DNA structure makes it possible for the proteins of nucleotide excision repair to recognize many different types of DNA damage? (d) the regularity of DNA's structure

Primary Meristems

Secondary Growth

Internal Structure of Roots

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