Emergent properties of living systems are properties that __________.

• A. are apparent only when an organism is studied at the molecular level
• B. are evident during only one portion of the life cycle of an organism
• C. define the cell's surroundings
• D. are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of emergent properties: Emergent properties are characteristics that arise from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system. These properties are not present in the individual components but emerge when the components interact in a complex system.
2. Consider the context of living systems: In biology, living systems are composed of various levels of organization, from molecules to cells, tissues, organs, and entire organisms. Emergent properties are observed at each level of organization as complexity increases.
3. Analyze the options given in the problem: The options suggest different scenarios where emergent properties might be observed. Evaluate each option based on the definition of emergent properties.
4. Evaluate the correct option: The correct answer is that emergent properties are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. This aligns with the definition, as these properties emerge from the complex interactions within a system.
5. Reflect on examples of emergent properties: Consider examples such as consciousness arising from neural networks in the brain or the ability of an ecosystem to regulate itself through interactions among organisms. These examples illustrate how emergent properties manifest in biological systems.