40. Circulatory System

Circulatory and Respiratory Anatomy

Gas exchange

Animation: The Human Respiratory System

Here is a blood sample that has been spun in a centrifuge. List, as completely as you can, the components you would find in the straw-colored fluid at the top of this tube and in the dense red portion at the bottom. <img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/a11f8afddbcfce1c-1677793362191.jpg" style="width: 172px;">

Use the following diagram to review the flow of blood through a human cardiovascular system. Label the indicated parts, highlight the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood, and then trace the flow of blood by numbering the circles from 1 to 10, starting with 1 in the right ventricle. (When two locations are equivalent in the pathway, such as right and left lung capillaries or capillaries of top and lower portion of the body, assign them the same number.) <img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/67724d859f46fe0c-1677793424116.jpg" style="width: 300px;">

Alveoli: Gas Exchange

Identify at least two advantages of breathing air instead of water.

Blood Vessels, Part 2: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #28

Respiratory System lecture

Anatomy and Physiology of The Heart

Cardiovascular System 1, Heart, Structure and Function

 a single circulatory system and a four-chambered heart 

 No. A four-chambered heart separates the blood flow into the systemic and pulmonary circuits of a double circulatory system. 

 a double circulatory system and a three-chambered heart 

 No. Birds and mammals do have a double circulatory system, but they have four-chambered hearts. 

 a double circulatory system and a two-chambered heart 

 a single circulatory system and a two-chambered heart 

 No. This is characteristic of fish, not birds and mammals. 

 a double circulatory system and a four-chambered heart 

Birds and mammals are endotherms and thus need the most efficient circulatory systems.

All known birds and mammals have __________.

Lymphatic System

The Anatomy Of The Heart

 No. Red blood cells are adapted for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport; they do not participate in clotting. 

 No. White blood cells are primarily associated with disease prevention; they do not participate in clotting. 

 No. Platelets do release the clotting factors that result in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which is the primary sealant in clot formation. 

 No. The primary function of hemoglobin is oxygen transport; it does not participate in clotting. 

What are clots made of?

The primary sealant(s) that plug(s) leaks in damaged blood vessels is/are __________.

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except
a. the pulmonary vein.
b. the trachea.
c. the right atrium.
d. the right ventricle.

 carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues where they are needed 

 No. This is the function of the systemic circuit. 

 retrieve waste products from the body tissues 

 carry blood through the heart, lungs, and all of the body tissues 

 No. This is accomplished by the entire circulatory system. 

 carry absorbed nutrients from the small intestine to the liver 

 No. The hepatic portal system carries absorbed nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver. 

 carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and pick up oxygen from the lungs 

Consider the two organs that are connected via pulmonary circulation.

The function of the pulmonary circuit in a dog is to __________.

Which of the following is not a true statement about open and closed circulatory systems? 
a. Both systems have some sort of a heart that pumps a circulatory fluid through the body. 
b. A frog has an open circulatory system; other vertebrates have closed circulatory systems. 
c. The blood and interstitial fluid are separate in a closed system but are indistinguishable in an open system. 
d. Some of the circulation of blood in both systems results from body movements.

What is the function of the cilia in the trachea and bronchi?
a. to sweep air into and out of the lungs
b. to increase the surface area for gas exchange
c. to dislodge food that may have slipped past the epiglottis
d. to sweep mucus with trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract

Label the parts of the human respiratory system. 
a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
f. 
g. <img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/af0603006405895d-1677719213687.jpg" style="width: 300px;">

Physiologists speculate about cardiovascular adaptations in dinosaurs—some of which had necks almost 10 m (33 feet) long. Such animals would have required a systolic pressure of nearly 760 mm Hg to pump blood to the brain when the head was fully raised. Some analyses suggest that dinosaurs’ hearts were not powerful enough to generate such pressures, leading to the speculation that long-necked dinosaurs fed close to the ground rather than raising their heads to feed on high foliage. Scientists also debate whether dinosaurs had a “reptile-like” or “bird-like” heart. Most modern reptiles have a three-chambered heart with just one ventricle. Birds, which evolved from a lineage of dinosaurs, have a four-chambered heart. Some scientists believe that the circulatory needs of these long-necked dinosaurs provide evidence that dinosaurs must have had a four-chambered heart. Why might they conclude this?

Lung Anatomy

If blood were supplied to all of the body’s capillaries at one time, 
a. blood pressure would fall dramatically. 
b. resistance to blood flow would increase. 
c. blood would move too rapidly through the capillaries. 
d. the amount of blood returning to the heart would increase.

Animation: Overview of the Inflammatory Response

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the
a. left atrium.
b. right atrium.
c. left ventricle.
d. right ventricle.

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is
a. the number of heart chambers.
b. a complete separation of circuits for circulation.
c. the number of circuits for circulation.
d. a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.

 Blood in pulmonary arteries is always blue; it is red in all other arteries. 

 No. The colors red and blue are often used in textbooks to indicate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The blood itself doesn't change from red to blue. 

 No. Blood in all arteries is propelled away from the heart when the ventricles contract. 

 No. An artery is defined as a vessel that carries blood away from the heart. 

 There is no difference; it is the same as blood in other arteries. 

 No. There is something about the composition of the blood in the pulmonary arteries that sets it apart from blood in other arteries. 

Think about where blood is coming from and going to when it is in the pulmonary arteries.

What is unique about blood in pulmonary arteries compared with blood in other arteries?

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Which of the following statements regarding the insect tracheal system is/are correct? Select True or False for each statement.
T/F Tracheae dilate and constrict during flight or other types of movement, functioning as a “breathing” mechanism.
T/F Spiracles open into the body cavity, allowing direct contact between the air and hemolymph.
T/F Tracheae carry oxygen to alveoli; here the oxygen diffuses into the hemolymph to be delivered to tissues.
T/F Spiracles can close to minimize water loss.

 Chest pain due to a partial blockage of the coronary arteries 

 Damage to or death of cardiac muscle tissue due to a blockage in the coronary arteries 

 No. This is a myocardial infarction, or heart attack, which may result from (but does not define) atherosclerosis. 

 No. The failure of blood to clot would lead to problems with excessive bleeding. 

 Lack of oxygen to the brain, leading to a death of nervous tissue there 

 No. This is a stroke, which may be caused by atherosclerosis but does not define the condition. 

 Hardening of the arteries by accumulation of fatty deposits 

A poor diet promotes atherosclerosis.

What is atherosclerosis?

ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS

Animation: Gas Exchange in Fish Gills

The diaphragm is a large sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of your lungs. Breathing is automatically controlled by the brain, but you can choose to hold your breath or breathe deeper. What kind of muscle do you suppose makes up the diaphragm? (Explain your answer.)

Vasculature

Lungs: Definition, Location & Structure - Human Anatomy | Kenhub

BioFlix: Adaptive Defenses: T cells and Cellular Immunity

If a blood clot forms inside a vein in the leg, it may travel through the circulatory system. What is the first capillary bed the clot would reach, where it might block blood flow?

BioFlix: Summary of Adaptive Immunity

Which of the following is the main difference between your cardiovascular system and that of a fish? 
a. Your heart has two chambers; a fish heart has four. 
b. Your circulation has two circuits; fish circulation has one. 
c. Your heart chambers are called atria and ventricles. 
d. Yours is a closed system; the fish’s is an open system.

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?
a. the lungs of a vertebrate
b. the gills of a fish
c. the tracheal system of an insect
d. the skin of an earthworm

Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system

BioFlix: Gas Exchange in the Human Body

No. Stratified means having multiple layers of cells. It would not be a thin layer as required for gas exchange. This type of tissue forms a protective barrier in high-abrasion areas.

 No. Columnar cells are tall and thin. This type of tissue is generally secretory as well as absorptive and is not a part of the alveoli. 

 No. These cells are boxlike. This tissue would be too thick for alveolar epithelia, where rapid diffusion needs to occur. 

 No. This epithelium would be too thick. Alveolar epithelia need to be much thinner to accommodate the rapid diffusion of gases. 

Consider the effect of distance on diffusion.

Which type of epithelial tissue would you suppose covers the gills of axolotls?

Coronary anatomy refresher

BioFlix: Biology of Skin Color

Blood Vessels, Part 1 - Form and Function: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #27

Trace the path of an oxygen molecule in its journey from the air to a muscle cell in your arm, naming all the structures involved along the way.

Animation: Structure of the Human Heart

In which of the following organisms does oxygen diffuse directly across a respiratory surface to cells, without being carried by the blood?
a. a grasshopper
b. a whale
c. an earthworm
d. a mous

Why did separate systemic and pulmonary circulations evolve in species that have the high-pressure circulatory system required for rapid movement of blood?

Gas Exchange

 Each cell in a bullfrog requires more oxygen and nutrients than each cell in a planarian. 

 No. The size of the animal does not change the needs of its cells. 

 The cells of a bullfrog are many times larger than the cells of a planarian. 

 No. The cells of each type of animal are about the same size. 

 Gases do not diffuse through bone. Therefore, any animal with bones, such as a bullfrog, has to have a circulatory system. Any animal without bones, such as a planarian, does not have a circulatory system. 

 No. Gases can diffuse through bone, although this occurs slowly. However, this is not the reason that larger animals need a circulatory system. 

 Diffusion is inadequate to move gases through the body surface and into all parts of a larger animal body. However, diffusion alone is sufficient to move gases in and out of the thin body of a planarian. 

Consider the distances over which diffusion is effective.

Why do larger animals, such as a bullfrog, require a circulatory system, while animals such as a planarian do not?

Lung Anatomy and Physiology | Gas Exchange in the Lungs Respiration Transport Alveoli Nursing

 No. Mucus is produced by specialized epithelial cells. By transporting fluid throughout the body, the circulatory system functionally connects the aqueous environment of the body cells to the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients, and dispose of wastes. 

 No. The circulatory system transports hormones throughout the body, working closely with endocrine organs. 

 No. The circulatory system transports nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide. It does not produce them. 

 All of the listed responses are correct. 

 No. Only one of the choices is correct. 

Consider the functions of your circulatory system.

Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system?

Which of the following body systems facilitates (but doesn’t regulate) the functions of the other systems?
respiratory system
endocrine system
digestive system
circulatory system

BioFlix: Innate Defenses: Dendritic Cells and Epitope Presentation

 Increased movement of fluid into the capillaries from the extracellular environment 

 No. Proteins in the capillary blood pull fluid into the capillaries from the extracellular environment, so fewer proteins would result in decreased movement of fluid into the capillaries. 

 No. Fewer proteins in the capillaries would decrease the movement of fluid back into the bloodstream from the extracellular environment; the resulting drop in blood volume would decrease, rather than increase, blood pressure. 

 No. Fewer proteins in the capillaries would decrease the movement of fluid back into the bloodstream from the extracellular environment; this would result in a larger-than-normal net loss of fluid in the capillaries. 

 No. Fewer proteins would decrease osmotic pressure, resulting in an excess of fluid in the extracellular environment, resulting in edema and an increase in lymph. 

What do proteins cause in the capillary blood?

What would you expect to see in an individual with low levels of blood protein in the capillaries?

 is less common in crabs and beetles than in mice and snakes 

 No. All arthropods have an open circulatory system, and all vertebrates have a closed circulatory system. 

 unlike a closed circulatory system, does not rely on muscle contraction 

 No. Both contractions of the tubular heart and contractions of body muscles move blood in an open circulatory system. 

 restricts the backflow of blood by valves in the trachea 

 No. The trachea is a tube that carries atmospheric gases to the animal's respiratory surface; blood does not flow through it. 

 No. The pores that allow reentry of blood into the tubular heart have valves that prevent backflow and force blood to leave from small vessels. 

 allows interstitial fluid to mix freely with vascular fluid 

How does the open circulatory system of an insect compare to the closed circulatory system of a human?

An open circulatory system __________.

Structure of Blood Vessels | Layers of the Vessel Wall | Blood Vessel Histology

 A blood vessel carrying blood from the heart to the lungs 

 No. This would be part of the pulmonary circuit. Further, this would be an artery, not a vein, because it is carrying blood away from the heart. 

 A blood vessel carrying blood from the lungs to the heart 

 No. This would be part of the pulmonary circuit. 

 A blood vessel carrying blood from the major muscles of the lower leg back to the heart 

 No. Because it involves the heart, it is not a portal vein. 

 A blood vessel carrying blood from the heart to the muscles of the lower leg 

 No. This would be part of the systemic circuit.  Further, this would be an artery, not a vein, because it is carrying blood away from the heart. 

 A blood vessel carrying blood from the stomach to the liver 

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Which of the following is an example of a portal vein?

 No. The sea anemone is a cnidarian and thus has a highly branched gastrovascular cavity lined with flagella, which serve to circulate fluids within the cavity. 

 No. Sponges do not have a circulatory system or true tissues. 

 No. All arthropods have an open circulatory system. 

Think about the structural arrangement of open and closed circulatory systems.

In which animal does the circulatory system include a heart and a system of closed vessels?

 No. Atherosclerosis causes hardening of the arteries. 

 No. Anemia is only part of the correct answer. 

 No. Stroke victims do not have these symptoms. 

 No. Individuals suffering from angina pectoris have pain specific to the chest and do not have irregularly shaped erythrocytes or swelling in the organs. 

This disease is caused by abnormal hemoglobin.

An individual suffering from __________ has irregularly shaped erythrocytes and may suffer from severe pain and organ swelling.

Animation: Transport of Respiratory Gases

Blood vessels - Structure & Function | GCSE PE

A&P II Lab Exercise 30: Heart Anatomy

Animation: The Human Heart and Circulation

8.7.2 Blood Vessel Structure and Function

Heart Anatomy

Lungs and Airways

What do the alveoli of mammalian lungs, the gill filaments of fish, and the tracheal tubes of insects have in common?
a. use of a circulatory system to transport gases
b. respiratory surfaces that are infoldings of the body wall
c. countercurrent exchange
d. a large, moist surface area for gas exchange

Describe the disadvantages of an open circulatory system relative to a closed circulatory system.

Predict how Antarctic icefish can transport enough oxygen in their blood to meet their needs even though they lack hemoglobin.

Explain how the structure of capillaries relates to their function of exchanging substances with the surrounding interstitial fluid. Describe how that exchange occurs.

Trace the path of blood starting in a pulmonary vein, through the heart, and around the body, returning to the pulmonary vein. Name, in order, the heart chambers and types of vessels through which the blood passes.

Mr. Leonard's IB Biology Course - 6.4 Gas Exchange

 No. Although introduced healthy stem cells could produce immune cells and improve immune resistance, this is not the only correct answer. 

 No. It is true that following destruction of the cancerous stem cells, introduced healthy stem cells can repopulate the bone marrow and result in the normal production of blood cells. However, this is not the only correct answer. 

 No. Although it is true that introduced virus-free stem cells could possibly generate a population of functional B and T cells, this is not the only correct answer. 

 No. It is true that if a patient's stem cells were destroyed and replaced with cells with normal genes for hemoglobin, the patient could benefit. However, this is not the only correct answer. 

Consider the uses of stem cells.

A patient with which of the following conditions would probably benefit by injections of purified stem cells?

How do lungs work? - Emma Bryce

BioFlix: Mechanics of Breathing

Blood

The Heart and Circulatory System - How They Work

 No. At most, two circuits would be required for mammals. One circuit is required for the pulmonary circulation, and one circuit is required for the systemic circulation. 

 No. Mammals do have two circuits, but fish only have one. 

 No. Fish only have one circuit, but mammals have two. 

 No. It is the other way around&#8212;fish have one circuit, and mammals have two. 

For each circuit, an atrium and a ventricle are necessary.

In a fish, blood circulates through __________, whereas in a mammal, it circulates through __________.

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