1. Introduction to Biology

2. Chemistry

3. Water

4. Biomolecules

5. Cell Components

6. The Membrane

7. Energy and Metabolism

8. Respiration

9. Photosynthesis

10. Cell Signaling

11. Cell Division

12. Meiosis

13. Mendelian Genetics

14. DNA Synthesis

15. Gene Expression

16. Regulation of Expression

17. Viruses

18. Biotechnology

19. Genomics

20. Development

21. Evolution by Natural Selection

22. Evolution of Populations

23. Speciation

24. History of Life on Earth

25. Phylogeny

26. Prokaryotes

27. Protists

28. Plants

29. Fungi

30. Overview of Animals

31. Invertebrates

32. Vertebrates

33. Plant Anatomy

34. Vascular Plant Transport

35. Soil

36. Plant Reproduction

37. Plant Sensation and Response

38. Animal Form and Function

39. Digestive System

40. Circulatory System

41. Immune System

42. Osmoregulation and Excretion

43. Endocrine System

44. Animal Reproduction

45. Nervous System

46. Sensory Systems

47. Muscle Systems

48. Ecology

49. Animal Behavior

50. Population Ecology

51. Community Ecology

52. Ecosystems

53. Conservation Biology

[BOOK BIO] CLUTCH

Partial Pressure and the Diffusion of Gases in Blood

Frog lungs have a smaller surface area for gas exchange than mammalian lungs. How do frogs compensate for this difference?
a. Frog tissue absorbs more oxygen from the blood than mammalian tissue does.
b. Frogs breathe more quickly than mammals.
c. Frogs also obtain oxygen via diffusion across the skin.
d. Frog lung tissue has a greater density of capillary beds than mammalian lung tissue.

It allows diving seals to store twice as much oxygen in their blood as the average human of similar size.

No. It's true that Weddell seals can store much more oxygen in their blood than the average human can, but this is not due to myoglobin.

It allows diving seals to store a considerable amount of oxygenated blood in their spleens.

No. Weddell seals do store a considerable amount of oxygenated blood in their spleens, but this is not due to myoglobin.

It allows seals to switch from cellular respiration to fermentation after the oxygen in muscle cells has been depleted.

No. Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle tissue that is used for cellular respiration during long dives.

No. One of the listed responses is correct.

It allows diving seals to store a considerable amount of oxygen in their muscles.

Consider the prefix "myo-."

How does myoglobin aid diving mammals such as the Weddell seal?

Oxygen Dissociation Curve Explained - Bohr Effect

No. These are found in insects, and insects are mostly terrestrial organisms.

No. Animals with lungs generally live on land. Some exceptions are whales, dolphins, manatees, sea snakes, and lungfish.

No. Alveoli are the microscopic sacs in the lung where gas exchange occurs.

No. Animals such as frogs, salamanders, and caecilians respire through their skin, but these are amphibians and live in water only part of the time, if at all.

This respiratory organ would collapse in a terrestrial environment

Which respiratory organ is most often found only in fully aquatic animals?

What are two advantages of breathing air, compared with obtaining dissolved oxygen from water? What is a comparative disadvantage of breathing air?

Complete the following concept map to review some of the concepts of gas exchange. 
a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
f. 
g. <img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/665a92ea20998808-1677719177145.jpg" style="width: 300px;">

No. Vocal cords are within the conducting portion of the airway; no gas exchange occurs within this region.

No. Bronchioles are within the conducting portion of the airway; no gas exchange occurs within this region.

No. The trachea is within the conducting portion of the airway; no gas exchange occurs within this region.

No. The diaphragm alters the dimensions of the thorax, but it does not directly participate in gas exchange.

Consider the function of gills.

Which structure in a human is most similar in function to the gill lamellae of a fish?

A decrease in pH and an increase in the PO2

No. Oxygen diffuses into regions with a lower PO2.

An increase in pH and an increase in the PO2

No. Oxygen diffuses fastest at a lower pH and a lower PO2.

An increase in pH and a decrease in the PO2

No. Oxygen diffuses fastest at a lower pH.

A decrease in pH and a decrease in the PO2

These are conditions found in a very active muscle.

Which of the following would increase the release of oxygen from red blood cells?

When you inhale, the diaphragm
a. relaxes and moves upward.
b. relaxes and moves downward.
c. contracts and moves upward.
d. contracts and moves downward.

Partial pressure reflects the relative amount of gas in a mixture and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Llamas are native to the Andes Mountains in South America. The partial pressure of O2 (abbreviated PO2) in the atmosphere where llamas live is about half of the PO2 at sea level. As a result, the PO2 in the lungs of llamas is about 50 mm Hg, whereas that in human lungs at sea level is about 100 mm Hg. A dissociation curve for hemoglobin shows the percentage of saturation (the amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin) at increasing values of PO2 As you see in the graph below, the dissociation curves for llama and human hemoglobin differ. Compare these two curves and explain how the hemoglobin of llamas is an adaptation to living where the air is 'thin.' <img class="fr-dib" src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/a78caa9a186c26c9-1677719292435.jpg" style="width: 300px;">

Biology  Carbon Dioxide Transport

No. Exercise increases cellular respiration, which produces CO2.

No. Cellular respiration always results in increased concentrations of CO2.

Consider which of these does not stimulate you to increase your respiratory rate.

What causes CO2 in the blood to decrease?

Diffusion of Gases

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas found in furnace and automobile engine exhaust and cigarette smoke. CO binds to hemoglobin 210 times more tightly than does O2. CO also binds with an electron transport protein and disrupts cellular respiration. Explain why CO is such a deadly gas.

Inhaling and Exhaling - How breathing works

Respiratory System, Part 2: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #32

Carp are fishes that thrive in stagnant-water habitats with low oxygen partial pressure. Compared with the hemoglobin of many other fish species, carp hemoglobin has an extremely high affinity for O2. Draw an oxygen–hemoglobin equilibrium curve showing separate lines for carp and a fish that lives in water with a higher oxygen partial pressure. Explain why they differ.

During exercise, the cardiovascular system must supply muscles with large amounts of oxygen and fuel and get rid of a lot of wastes. How do the cardiovascular systems of athletes respond to prolonged exercise?

During athletic training, the oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
a. shifts to the right, unloading more oxygen to tissues.
b. shifts to the right, unloading less oxygen to tissues.
c. shifts to the left, unloading more oxygen to tissues.
d. shifts to the left, unloading less oxygen to tissues.

both the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

the rib muscles contract and the air pressure in the alveoli becomes lower than atmospheric pressure

No. Pressure in the alveoli does decrease when the rib muscles contract, but the result of this is inhalation.

No. This decreases thoracic pressure and results in inhalation.

the diaphragm relaxes and the lungs expand

No. When the diaphragm relaxes the lungs will deflate, not expand.

both the diaphragm and the rib muscles relax

Consider the events leading to pressure-volume changes during ventilation.

When you exhale, __________.

Gas Exchange and Breathing

What is the primary feedback used by the brain to control breathing?
a. heart rate
b. partial pressure of O2
c. blood pH, which indicates O2 level
d. blood pH, which indicates CO2 level

Mechanism of Breathing, Animation

Air Movement and Partial Pressure

During exercise, the cardiovascular system must supply muscles with large amounts of oxygen and fuel and get rid of a lot of wastes. How do the cardiovascular systems of athletes respond to prolonged exercise?

When athletes exercise, what is the primary physiological variable responsible for their sustained increase in ventilation rate?
a. decreased blood PO2
b. increased blood PCO2
c. increased blood pH
d. increased body temperature

Gas exchange

The Bohr Effect ~ For A-level & Up Revision

No. Cells do not expend energy to move these gases across alveoli.

No. Pinocytosis occurs when a cell engulfs a liquid and its dissolved solutes.

No. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

This process also allows you to know if someone is cooking something in a kitchen.

In the alveoli and lung capillaries, carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged by means of __________.

No. This does not decrease the pH of cerebrospinal fluid.

No. This would increase the pH of cerebrospinal fluid.

Consider which of these decreases the pH of cerebrospinal fluid.

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again?

No. Increased CO2 is a result of cellular respiration. When the CO2 level increases in the blood, the pH decreases.

The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid also increases and is detected by O2 sensors in arteries near the heart.

No. The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid decreases when the CO2 level increases. When the CO2 level increases, O2 concurrently decreases and this lowered level of oxygen is detected by arterial O2 sensors, which signal the breathing control centers, which then stimulate an increase in the respiratory rate.

The O2 level automatically increases.

No. The nervous system and muscles associated with the respiratory system must be stimulated before more rapid breathing removes the excess CO2 and brings in more O2.

The medulla, moderated by the pons, signals the heart muscle to beat harder, bringing in more O2.

No. The medulla, moderated by the pons, signals the breathing control center (not the heart) to increase the breathing rate and depth, eliminating CO2, allowing the blood pH to increase, and bringing in more O2.

A decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid triggers the brain's breathing control centers, which stimulate diaphragm and rib muscle contractions.

Consider the effect on blood chemistry.

What happens when the CO2 level from cellular respiration increases in the blood?

Blood Gases (O2, CO2 and ABG)

SCIENTIFIC THINKING E-cigarettes pose a dilemma for public health officials. Because e-cigarettes produce fewer toxic chemicals than regular cigarettes, they may be a safer alternative for people who want to quit smoking but still crave nicotine. On the other hand, e-cigarettes may encourage nicotine addiction among teenagers. Evaluate the scientific evidence. Are e-cigarettes an effective aid for quitting cigarettes? What evidence supports the assertion that e-cigarettes are especially harmful to adolescents?

Respiratory System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #31

Oxygen Dissociation Curve and the Bohr Shift

speeds up the flow of water through the gills

No. Countercurrent exchange results from opposite flow of blood within the gills and water over the gills.

enables blood oxygenation in fish regardless of the direction of water flow relative to blood flow

No. If the flow of water across a fish's gills were reversed, there would be no countercurrent system.

means that blood and water flow in the same direction

No. This describes concurrent flow. It is called "countercurrent" because the water crosses the gill in the opposite direction that blood moves within it.

interferes with the efficient absorption of oxygen

No. The countercurrent systems seen in bony fish allow very efficient absorption of oxygen.

maintains a gradient that enhances diffusion

Gas exchange occurs across gills.

Countercurrent flow in the gills of a fish __________.

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?
a. rising O2
b. falling O2
c. rising CO2
c, falling CO2

No. All but the smallest bronchioles have ciliated surfaces.

No. Large bronchioles have ciliated surfaces.

Consider where the actual exchange of gases occurs.

Which of the following components of the mammalian gas exchange system has a surface covered by a thin film of fluid without cilia?

Gills are not as efficient as lungs in picking up oxygen.

No. The countercurrent exchange in fish gills is actually more efficient at removing available oxygen from water than the "tidal" breathing mechanisms of mammal lungs.

Gills are too small to provide oxygen for a mammal.

No. There are many fish that are much larger than most mammals.

Air has higher oxygen content than water, so gills were no longer necessary.

No. Gills are an impediment to life on land because they cannot function for very long without being immersed in water. The lungfish lineage was the one to move onto land.

Gills work only in aquatic animals; lungs work only in terrestrial animals.

No. Some land snails have gills; whales, dolphins, and manatees all have lungs.

Protecting gas-exchange surfaces from desiccation is difficult in terrestrial environments.

Think about environmental conditions and the structure of gills.

What is the major reason that land-dwelling mammals evolved lungs rather than gills as a primary respiratory organ?

Explain how each parameter in Fick's law of diffusion is reflected in the structure of the mammalian lung.

AS Biology - Oxygen dissociation curve (OCR A Chapter 8.4)

Gas Exchange

Gas Exchange Principles in Respiration | Gas diffusion | Respiratory Physiology

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchiole, bronchus, trachea, alveolus

Nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus

No. Air flows through the pharynx before it reaches the larynx.

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, bronchus, alveolus

No. Bronchioles are smaller than bronchi.

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus

No. During inhalation, air flows through the larynx before it reaches the trachea.

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus

The respiratory system is organized like an inverted tree.

What is the correct order of structures through which air passes as it is inhaled by a typical mammal?

One of the many mutant opponents that the movie monster Godzilla contends with is Mothra, a giant mothlike creature with a wingspan of 7–8 m. Science fiction creatures like these can be critiqued on the grounds of biomechanical and physiological principles. Focusing on the principles of gas exchange that you learned about in this chapter, what problems would Mothra face? Why do you think truly giant insects are improbable?

Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?
a. a decrease in temperature
b. an increase in O2 level
c. a decrease in pH
d. a decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity

No. This describes the vertebrate skin. Vertebrates do not respire across their skin.

No. You have the moist part right, but some glandular secretions can impede diffusion.

No. Respiratory surfaces must be moist, but diffusion is much more efficient over short distances.

No. This is true of most terrestrial animals, but the main respiratory surface of an amphibian is its skin.

Consider the conditions that promote diffusion.

For a body surface to be a respiratory surface, it must __________.

Countercurrent gas exchange in the gills of a fish
a. maintains a gradient that enhances diffusion.
b. enables the fish to obtain oxygen without swimming.
c. means that blood and water flow at different rates.
d. allows O2 to diffuse against its partial pressure gradient

Easy Concepts - The Bohr Effect

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arterioles has a
a. higher PO2.
b. higher PCO2.
c. greater bicarbonate concentration.
d. lower pH.

When you hold your breath, which of the following first leads to the urge to breathe?
a. falling CO2
b. falling O2
c. falling pH of the blood
d. rising pH of the blood

No. Fish do not have tracheal systems; they use gills for respiration.

No. This is the way in which mammals ventilate their lungs. Bony fish use countercurrent flow to maximize gas exchange.

No. Alveoli are structures in lungs; most fish have gills for respiration rather than lungs.

No. This is the way in which amphibians ventilate their lungs. Bony fish use countercurrent flow in the gills to maximize gas exchange.

Consider the pattern of blood flow through the gills.

Gas exchange in the gills of a bony fish is maximized by which of the following?